Supplementary file 1_γ-Tocotrienol inhibits HeLa cell proliferation likely via modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.doc

Introductionγ-Tocotrienol (γ-T3), a natural isoform of vitamin E, has demonstrated anticancer activity; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study investigated whether γ-T3 suppresses human cervical cancer HeLa cell growth through modulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway.
MethodsHeLa cells were treated with γ-T3 at different concentrations (0-80 μmol/L). Protein expression and phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT, mTOR and downstream effectors (p70S6K and 4E-BP1) were analyzed. Cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were assessed. Wortmannin (WM), a selective PI3K inhibitor, was used as a comparator. Combined treatment with γ-T3 and WM was also evaluated.
Resultsγ-T3 treatment reduced the expression and phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT and mTOR, as well as downstream targets p70S6K and 4E-BP1. γ-T3 also decreased proliferation-associated proteins cyclin D1 and c-Myc. The inhibitory effect of γ-T3 at 40 μmol/L was comparable to that of WM. Functionally, γ-T3 suppressed cell proliferation, induced G0/G1 phase arrest with a reduced S-phase fraction, and promoted apoptosis in HeLa cells. Co-treatment with γ-T3 and WM further enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis compared with either treatment alone.
DiscussionThese findings indicate that γ-T3 inhibits HeLa cell proliferation, at least in part, via suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. This supports further evaluation of γ-T3 as a nutrition-relevant bioactive compound for cancer prevention research and as a potential adjunct to therapy.