Global Inventory of Commercial Spyware & Digital Forensics

Global inventory of commercial spyware & digital forensics technology procured by governments. Focuses on three overarching questions: Which governments show evidence of procuring and using commercial spyware? Which commercial firms are selling targeted surveillance technology and what are their countries of origin? What types of activities are government agencies using the technology for? This version includes several important changes: --Incorporates two categories of targeted surveillance technologies: spyware and digital forensics (physical tools used to breach digital devices in order to extract and analyze stored data). It does not include other types of targeted surveillance, such as network monitoring/lawful interception technologies. --Organizes the dataset by event type in separate entries rather than aggregating spyware firms by country. --Takes advantage of the wider scrutiny of the spyware industry in the past two years, which has generated more details and sourcing about new vendors and operators. Source material derives from the Citizen Lab, Freedom House, Privacy International, the Council on Foreign Relations’ Cyber Operations Tracker, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Article 19, Access Now, and an assortment of related research organizations. The inventory also includes data from major print and news media outlets (e.g., The New York Times, Reuters, Haaretz, Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal). The inventory focuses on incidents occurring between 2011 and 2023. Updated March 2023.全球政府采购商用间谍软件与数字取证技术清单。本清单聚焦三大核心议题：哪些政府被证实采购并使用商用间谍软件？哪些商业企业在销售定向监控技术，且这些企业的所属国家为何？政府机构使用该技术开展了哪些类型的活动？ 本版清单包含多项重要更新： ——纳入两类定向监控技术：间谍软件与数字取证（即用于入侵数字设备以提取并分析存储数据的实体工具）。本清单不涵盖其他类型的定向监控技术，例如网络监控/合法截获技术。 ——按事件类型对数据集进行分类归档，而非按国家聚合间谍软件企业信息。 ——依托过去两年间间谍软件产业受到的更广泛审视，获取了更多关于新型供应商与运营方的细节信息与来源数据。 本清单的来源材料包括公民实验室（Citizen Lab）、自由之家（Freedom House）、国际隐私组织（Privacy International）、外交关系委员会网络行动追踪器（Council on Foreign Relations’ Cyber Operations Tracker）、电子前沿基金会（Electronic Frontier Foundation）、Article 19、Access Now及各类相关研究机构。本清单还纳入了来自主要印刷与新闻媒体的数据，例如《纽约时报》《路透社》《国土报》《金融时报》《华尔街日报》。本清单聚焦2011年至2023年间发生的相关事件，末次更新于2023年3月。