NOAA-20 VIIRS On-Orbit Geometric Data Quality Estimation Using the Scheduled Lunar Collections IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing

The second Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 20 satellite has been successfully operating since its launch on November 18, 2017. Since VIIRS does not include onboard calibrators to perform the on-orbit geometric data quality characterization for parameters such as the modulation transfer function (MTF) and band-to-band registration (BBR), the monthly scheduled lunar observations are used in this study. The radiometric property of the moon surface has demonstrated its long-term stability and it is also a suitable spatial target for the on-orbit calibration of remote sensing instruments. Using the commonly practiced methodologies, the VIIRS BBR results are derived in the scan and track directions. The initial trends show that the VIIRS BBR is very stable on-orbit within ±0.1 pixels in both scan and track directions meeting the highest requirements of within 0.2 pixels. Using the sharp edge of the moon, the scan-direction MTF at the Nyquist frequency was approximately 0.23. The MTF values are well above the specification of 0.3 in imaging (I)-bands and they are very stable over the study period, whereas the moderate-resolution (M)-bands results were slightly below the specification line as suggested by prelaunch test results. The scan-direction MTF estimations were consistently near 0.2 over four years of operations. Track-direction MTF values showed oscillations because of the annual cycle of lunar shadow angle and spatial features in the moon side. However, the track-direction MTF values met the specification with large margin.