Source Data of "Coherent control of individual electron spins in a 2D quantum dot array"

Coherent manipulation of individual quantum objects organized in arrays is a prerequisite to any scalable quantum information platform.
The cumulated efforts to control electron spins in quantum dot arrays have permitted the recent realization of quantum simulators and multi-electron spin coherent manipulations.
While being a natural path to resolve complex quantum matter problems and to process quantum information, the two-dimensional (2D) scaling with high connectivity of such implementations remains undemonstrated.
Here, we demonstrate the 2D coherent control of individual electron spins in a 3x3 array of tunnel coupled quantum dots.
We focus on several key quantum functionalities: charge deterministic loading and displacement, local spin readout, and local coherent exchange manipulation between two electron spins trapped in adjacent dots.
This work lays some of the foundations for exploiting a 2D array of electron spins for quantum simulation and information processing.