Rate-ratio (RR) of the association of variables (by Andersen-Newman model categories of Predisposing, Access, and Need) belonging to an opioid analgesic treatment group (Acute, Episodic, Long-term – see Methods and Materials for details) with those not dispensed an opioid analgesic as the reference group, each variable adjusted for age and sex.

1Language other than English.
2Quality of Life.
3Medical-outcomes study physical function scale, values range from 0 (lowest physical function level) to 100 (highest physical function level.
4Self-reported, in last 28 days.
5Self-reported surgery within 2 years of baseline recruitment.