Theories and methods of intelligent regulation and control in renewable energy systems

With the rapid expansion of renewable energy integration, the operational security pressure on power systems has significantly increased. In the construction of modern power systems, the traditional top-down control architecture is difficult to ensure the stability of renewable energy systems. Consequently, developing bottom-up intelligent control architectures for renewable energy systems is crucial to grid security. Analogous to human civilization evolution, intelligent regulation and control of renewable energy systems need to address “synchronization-coordination-game” challenges from three levels: “individuals, groups, and multi-groups”. This paper systematically reviews present theoretical research and control technologies in three key aspects: synchronization theory and stability control for renewable energy equipment; coordinated theory and frequency/voltage support for renewable energy groups; game optimization theory and operation optimization for renewable energy multi-groups. The limitations of existing approaches are critically analyzed. Finally, potential future research directions are proposed to address current theoretical and technical gaps, offering innovative solutions and technical guidance for ensuring secure, stable, and efficient operation of future power systems with high renewable energy penetration.