ACE 2005 English SpatialML Annotations Version 2
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<h3> Introduction </h3> <p> ACE 2005 English SpatialML Annotations Version 2, Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) catalog number LDC2011T02 and isbn 1-58563-573-1, was developed by researchers at <a href="http://www.mitre.org/" rel="nofollow">The MITRE Corporation</a> and applies SpatialML tags to the English newswire and broadcast training data annotated for entities, relations and events in <a href="http://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2006T06" rel="nofollow"> ACE 2005 Multilingual Training Corpus LDC2006T06</a>. This second version eliminates a number of annotation inconsistencies and errors identified in <a href="http://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2008T03" rel="nofollow">ACE 2005 English SpatialML Annotations LDC2008T03</a>. In addition, the SpatialML annotation schema has been updated from version 2.0 to version 3.0.1 the revised annotation guidelines are included in this release. </p> <p>The ACE (Automatic Content Extraction) program focused on developing automatic content extraction technology to support automatic processing of human language in text form., specifically, entities, values, temporal expressions, relations and events. SpatialML is a mark-up language for representing spatial expressions in natural language documents. It is intended to emulate earlier progress on time expression such as <a href="http://fofoca.mitre.org/" rel="nofollow">TIMEX2</a>, <a href="http://timeml.org/site/index.html" rel="nofollow">TimeML</a>, and the <a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/mig//tests/ace/2005/doc/ace05eval_official_results_20060110.html" rel="nofollow">2005 ACE guidelines</a>.</p> <p>SpatialML includes syntax for marking up PLACEs mentioned in text and for linking them to data from gazetteers and other databases. LINKs are used to express relations between places, and RLINKs to capture trajectories for relative locations. To the extent possible, SpatialML leverages ISO and other standards with the goal of making the scheme compatible with existing and future corpora. SpatialML goes beyond these schemes, however, in terms of providing a richer markup for natural language that includes semantic features and relationships that allow mapping to existing resources such as gazetteers. Such markup can be useful for disambiguation, integration with mapping services and spatial reasoning.</p> <h3> Data </h3> <p> This corpus contains 210065 total words and 17821 unique words. Counts of unique words can be found in doc/ldc_wordcount.csv which includes all words that are not part of XML markup (e.g., without tag names, attribute names or values). Unique words are counted by comparing case insensitive transformations with preceding and trailing punctuation stripped off. Words consisting solely of punctuation are discarded. </p><p>The principal change in the annotation schema is that PATH has been generalized to RLINK for relative link. At the top level, there is now a version attribute on the root SpatialML tag to capture which version of SpatialML was used. A number of smaller changes have been made to the annotation specification these are listed in Section 2 of the updated guidelines. </p><p>The files are provided in both in-line xml format and aif format. </p><p> The gaz-deref files contain multiple gazetteer references when they exist for a single location these different gazrefs sometimes correspond to slightly different latlongs. The sgm.dtd validated files do not contain document structure tags (such as , ) that would prevent them from being validated with the SpatialML DTD. These files total 22624650 bytes uncompressed. </p> <h3> Updates </h3> <p> Additional information, updates, bug fixes may be available in the LDC catalog entry for this corpus at <a href="http://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2011T02" rel="nofollow">LDC2011T02</a>. </p><h3>Samples</h3> </br> Portions © 2003 Agence France Presse, © 2003 The Associated Press, © 2003 Cable News Network, LP, LLLP, © 2007, 2010 The MITRE Corporation, © 2003 New York Times, © 2003 Xinhua News Agency, © 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2011 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania
<h3> 引言 </h3> <p> ACE 2005英文空间标记语言（SpatialML）标注版本2由语言数据联盟（Linguistic Data Consortium, LDC）发布，目录编号为LDC2011T02，ISBN为1-58563-573-1，由MITRE公司的研究人员开发。该数据集将SpatialML标签应用于<a href="http://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2006T06" rel="nofollow">ACE 2005多语言训练语料库LDC2006T06</a>中已完成实体、关系与事件标注的英文新闻专线及广播训练数据。</p> <p>该第二版修正了<a href="http://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2008T03" rel="nofollow">ACE 2005英文SpatialML标注LDC2008T03</a>中存在的多处标注不一致问题与错误。此外，SpatialML标注规范已从2.0版本更新至3.0.1版本，本次发布中包含了修订后的标注指南。</p> <p>ACE（自动内容抽取，Automatic Content Extraction）计划致力于研发自动内容抽取技术，以支持对文本形式人类语言的自动化处理，具体涵盖实体、属性值、时间表达式、关系及事件五大类任务。SpatialML是一种用于在自然语言文档中表示空间表达式的标记语言，其设计初衷是效仿此前在时间表达式标注领域取得的进展，包括<a href="http://fofoca.mitre.org/" rel="nofollow">TIMEX2</a>、<a href="http://timeml.org/site/index.html" rel="nofollow">TimeML</a>以及<a href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/iad/mig//tests/ace/2005/doc/ace05eval_official_results_20060110.html" rel="nofollow">2005 ACE标注指南</a>。</p> <p>SpatialML提供了用于标注文本中提及的地点（PLACE）的语法规则，同时支持将这些地点与地名词典及其他数据库中的数据进行关联。LINK用于表达地点间的关系，RLINK则用于捕捉相对位置的轨迹信息。SpatialML尽可能采用ISO及其他行业标准，以确保该标注方案可与现有及未来的语料库兼容。不过，相较于此前的时间标注框架，SpatialML能够为自然语言提供更为丰富的标记能力，其涵盖的语义特征与关系可实现与地名词典等现有资源的映射。此类标记可用于歧义消解、与地图服务的集成以及空间推理任务。</p> <h3> 数据说明 </h3> <p> 本次发布的语料库总词数为210065，独特词数为17821。独特词的统计结果可在`doc/ldc_wordcount.csv`文件中查看，该文件包含所有非XML标记的词汇（即不含标签名、属性名及属性值的词汇）。独特词的统计方式为：将词汇转换为不区分大小写的形式，并去除首尾标点后进行比对；仅由标点构成的词汇将被排除。</p> <p>本次标注规范的主要变更为：将PATH标签泛化为用于表示相对链接的RLINK。在顶层结构中，SpatialML根标签新增了version属性，用于记录本次标注所采用的SpatialML版本。标注规范还进行了多处细节调整，相关变更已在修订指南的第2章节中列明。</p> <p>本数据集同时提供内嵌XML格式与AIF格式的文件。</p> <p> `gaz-deref`文件包含多个地名词典引用：当单个地点存在多条引用时，不同的`gazrefs`有时会对应略有差异的经纬度坐标。`sgm.dtd`验证文件未包含会导致其无法通过SpatialML DTD验证的文档结构标签。所有未压缩的文件总大小为22624650字节。</p> <h3> 更新说明 </h3> <p> 更多相关信息、更新内容及漏洞修复可在本语料库的LDC目录条目<a href="http://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2011T02" rel="nofollow">LDC2011T02</a>中获取。</p> <h3> 样本示例 </h3> <br/> 部分内容 © 2003 法国新闻社、© 2003 美联社、© 2003 有线电视新闻网有限责任合伙公司、© 2007、2010 MITRE公司、© 2003 纽约时报、© 2003 新华通讯社、© 2003、2005、2006、2008、2011 宾夕法尼亚大学托管会。
