Table 1 in New and revised taxa of Neotropical Diplotaxini (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae): do they change the existing relationships? Revisiting systematics with morphological and molecular data

Table 1. List of common synapomorphies for the main clades of Neotropical Diplotaxini analysis, comparing equal and implied weights to the characters.
CladeTransformationsSynapomorphic/ homoplasticImplied weights: present (P) or absent (A)Shared by all lineages: Yes (Y), No (N)Neotropical DiplotaxiniMaxilla, distal palpomere, sensorial surface in a fovea (character 16:0)HomoplasticPNLabium with two palpomeres (character 25:1)SynapomorphicPNPronotum, anterior angles not produced (character 45:1)HomoplasticPNPterothorax, prothorax constrained at the insertion level (character 57:0)HomoplasticPNElytra, basal margin without humeral carina (character 62:1)HomoplasticPYProcoxa, distal portion, scales present (character 69:0)HomoplasticANProcoxa, punctures or sculptures at 12 × magnification visible (character 71:0)HomoplasticPNMesotibia, pair of apical spurs even (character 86:0)HomoplasticPNAbdominal ventrites, lateral portion, bristles present (character 103:0)HomoplasticANPygidium, disc, surface smooth (character 121:0)HomoplasticPNMale, parameres, basal region (BR), midline groove, sides forming concavity (character 152:0)SynapomorphicPNPacuviaClypeus continuous, without frontoclypeal division (character 3:1)HomoplasticPYClypeus with anterior teeth (character 9:0)HomoplasticPYLabrum shorter than clypeus in ventral view (character 39:1)HomoplasticPYProtibia, apical tooth-like projection, parallel in relation to longitudinal axis of tibia (character 74:2)HomoplasticPYProtarsi, tarsomeres I, II and III combined equal or longer than head length (character 79:0)HomoplasticPYMetatarsi, tarsomere I more than one half shorter than tarsomere II (characterSynapomorphicPY99:2)Protibia, teeth, irregularly spaced (character 130:1)HomoplasticAYMetatibia, subapical level with constraint (character 140:0)HomoplasticPYHomalochilus + Clypeus, anterior margin, anterior teeth, (Pachrodema + ratio of distance between teeth to (Careocallus + Liogenys )) distance between eyes less than 0.5 (teeth close together) (character 11:0)SynapomorphicPNPronotum, lateral margin in anterior portion, slightly concave (character 42:0)HomoplasticPNHypomeron, bristles long, exceeding level of prothorax margin (character 51:0)HomoplasticPNMetaventrite, distance between mesocoxa and metacoxa equal or shorter than metacoxa length (character 54:2)HomoplasticPYElytra, first gap of ridges, equal or narrower than the second gap (character 67:1)HomoplasticPYProtibia inner margin, concave (character 73:0)HomoplasticPYMetacoxa, posterior margin, basal articular lobe produced posteriorly (character 90:0)HomoplasticPNPygidium, subquadrate in shape (character 116:1)Pygidium, width and length equal (character 118:1)HomoplasticPNMale, pygidium, apex quadrate or subquadrate in shape (character 149:1)Homoplastic HomoplasticP PN NHomalochilusMaxilla, mala, outer margin curved (character 14:1)HomoplasticPYLabium, anterior margin, lateral angles extended behind palp (character 29:0)HomoplasticPYLabium, ligula and labium fused (character 30:1)HomoplasticPYLabrum, frontal view, midline emargination deep (character 37:1)HomoplasticPYAntenna, antennomeres, nine (character 40:1)HomoplasticPYPronotum, scales and/or bristles present (character 50:0)HomoplasticPYMetaventrite, scales and/or bristles, distribution, dense (character 53:0)HomoplasticPYElytra, sutural ridge toward base, extension, along entire scutellar margin (character 65:0)HomoplasticPYElytra, first gap of ridges, less than two times the width of one ridge (character 66:1)HomoplasticPYProtarsomeres, sexual dimorphism absent (character 77:1)HomoplasticPYProtarsomeres, ventral view not covered with hairy pad (character 78:1)HomoplasticPYMesoleg, distance between coxae, separated (character 81:0)HomoplasticPYMesotibia, spine-like bristles on transverse carinae shorter than or equal to the apical setae (character 84:1)HomoplasticPYMetacoxa, basal coxal plate, facing femur (character 91:1)HomoplasticPYMetafemur, disc, stout rigid bristles present (character 92:0)HomoplasticPYAbdominal ventrites, penultimate ventrite, longer than last ventrite (character 105:0)HomoplasticPYPropygidium, disc, without bristles (character 113:1)HomoplasticPYMale, antenna, club, as long as funicle (character 128:1)HomoplasticAYMale, protarsomeres, cylindrical (character 133:1)HomoplasticMale, parameres fused at basal region (BR), fusion point (FP) in apical third of BR (character 153:2)HomoplasticAYMale, parameres, inner margins, straight (character 155:0)HomoplasticPYPachrodema + (Careoc allus + Liogenys)Clypeus, frontoclypeal division, incomplete (character 5:1)HomoplasticPNMaxilla, distal palpomere, dorsal view, medial width more than two times the width of apex (character 15:0)HomoplasticPNLabium, lateral margins widened (character 22:0)HomoplasticPYLabium, mentum, concave excavated (character 32:0)HomoplasticPYMesotarsomeres and metatarsomeres, bifid claw, superior tooth wider than inferior tooth (character 100:0)HomoplasticANMale, metatibia, apex, inner margin, produced (character 142:0)HomoplasticPNPachrodemaPronotum, anterior margin, transverse flange distinct and wide (character 43:1)HomoplasticPYProthorax-pterothorax insertion, constraint, intensity, strong (character 58:0)HomoplasticPYMesotibia, inner margin concave (character 82:0)SynapomorphicPYMetatibia, apex, lower surface, convexly elevated (character 98:0)HomoplasticPYPygidium, basal width exceeds distance between spiracles on propygidium (character 119:0)HomoplasticPYMale, protibia, basal tooth, more than one half the size of middle tooth (character 131:0)HomoplasticPYCareocallus + LiogenysMetaventrite, distance between mesocoxa and metacoxa up to two times the metacoxa length (character 54:1)HomoplasticPNPygidium, disc, surface rough (character 121:1)HomoplasticPNMale, metatibia, apex, inner margin projection straight (character 143:0)HomoplasticPNMale, metatibia, apex, inner face, setose (character 144:0)HomoplasticPNCareocallusScutellum, punctures only at base and/or sides (character 55:1)HomoplasticPYElytra, apex, lateral view, depressed posteriorly (character 59:0)HomoplasticPYElytra, punctures, oblong (character 61:1)HomoplasticPYElytra, sutural ridge toward base, extended along the entire scutellar margin (character 65:0)HomoplasticPYElytra, first gap of ridges, less than two times the width of one ridge (character 66:1)HomoplasticPYMetatarsomere I as long as or longer than tarsomere II (character 99:0)HomoplasticPYDiplotaxiniMandible, mola, surface, not multi-grooved (character 20:1)HomoplasticAYMetaventrite, distance between mesocoxa and metacoxa more than two times the length of metacoxa (character 54:0)HomoplasticPNElytra, first gap of ridges, more than two times wider than one ridge (character 66:0)SynapomorphicPNProcoxa, conical in shape (character 68:0)HomoplasticPYProtarsomeres, ventral view, covered with hairy pad (character 78:0)HomoplasticPNAbdominal ventrites, penultimate ventrite, as long as or shorter than the last ventrite (character 105:1)HomoplasticPNAbdominal ventrites, ventrite VI, retracted within V (character 108:1)HomoplasticAYPropygidium, disc with bristles (character 113:0)HomoplasticPNMale, protarsomeres enlarged (character 133:0)SynapomorphicAN