UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS-Based Metabolomics and Gut Microbiome Analysis to Reveal Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. Extract Improves Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice

Immune system dysfunction leads to recurrent or severe infections, increased susceptibility to concurrent illnesses, and heightened risk of tumors. Current immunomodulators often carry side effects, whereas phytotherapy offers relative stability, making this therapeutic approach worthy of exploration. Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. nourishes blood, generates fluids, and tonifies qi to address deficiency. Codonopsis pilosula water extract (LDSOL) possesses immune-enhancing properties, but its potential biomarkers and mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study investigated the pharmacological basis of LDSOL using a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mouse model.