Survey report 1997/98 summer season Voyage 2 to 5

IntroductionThe purpose of the 97/98 Antarctic survey season was to provide survey control and vertical and oblique aerial photography around Mawson, Davis, Beaver Lake, and the Prince Charles Mountains in support of the ANARE mapping program as well as providing survey support for other ANARE science programs. The following team carried out this survey work:Christopher Watson - Antarctic Division Volunteer Surveyor,John Hyslop - LANDINFO Surveyor. Project OutlineThe Antarctic Division's Brief to Surveyors which outlines the details of the program is included in Appendix A. The survey program for Antarctica 97/8 was divided into two main areas of interest. Mawson station from Voyage 2 to 4 which included photo control of offshore islands, aerial photography of penguin colonies with the Linhof camera, Mawson tide gauge network and updating the station map.Davis station from Voyage 4 to 5 which included aerial photography of the Rauer Group and Larsemann Hills, aerial photography and tide gauge work at Beaver Lake, and vertical and oblique aerial photography in the Southen Prince Charles Mountains. Also photo control at Scullin and Murray Monoliths and photography at Mount Brown, Mirny offshore island and features between Mirny and Davis. At Davis station surveys included Station detail surveys tide gauge connections and lake water levels in the Vestfold Hills.At Casey station during V2 stop over survey work was requested at the wharf area, levelling and detail survey updates.Recommendations:Aerial photography.The following suggestions are made.1. The flight program be upgraded to allow a digital map to be shown on the screen. 2. The pilots display did not work in the helicopter and the problem needs to be fixed. I suspect it may have been due to the setting in the flight program. I had difficulty understanding what all the settings meant and perhaps more documentation may help. 3. Because of 2. more reliance was placed on the air crew navigating from the monitor and hence felt the need for more control over the display eg. Zooming in and out and run selection. 4. A video drift sight would be a great advantage. If this were somehow attached directly to the camera there would be more room and less leads involved. 5. Some of the film spools were too tight on the cogged drive shaft. At Beaver Lake when loading film in a black camera bag in the helicopter I had to wind the new film onto another spool that would fit. The spools need to be checked. Logistics.The need to return the helicopter to Davis each day seems to me to be an extremely expensive requirement. To get to the Southern Prince Charles Mountains is an eight hour return trip. 11 hour flying is about all the pilots can do in a day which does not leave much time for productive work. We did have an opportunity to do aerial photography on the way but on the two days we went to the PCMs we decided to make the first priority the main destination and hope for time on the return trip, but each occasion we were too late and returned by the most direct route. I could not help thinking how much more work we could have done if the helicopters had been based at Beaver Lake for a few days. There were also days when the weather was fine and suitable for flying in the PCMs but we could not leave Davis through bad weather on the way. This method of operation also understandably placed pressures on using the helicopters to the fullest. The last days flying in the PCMs was done with 4 people in the back of the S76. We then were asked if we could take 300kg of equipment back from a Mawson Escarpment camp. That made photographic operation a bit cramped but by then the weather was against further photography. I felt that through Joe Johnson, station leader and Jim Wilson, chief pilot we got excellent support for the photographic program but with the S76 deployed in the area of operation we could have achieved a lot more.

引言
1997/1998年度南极测量航季的目标，是在莫森站（Mawson）、戴维斯站（Davis）、比弗湖（Beaver Lake）与查尔斯王子山脉（Prince Charles Mountains）周边开展测量控制与垂直、倾斜航空摄影作业，以支撑澳大利亚国家南极研究探险队（Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions，ANARE）的制图项目，并为该探险队的其他科研项目提供测量支持。本次测量工作由以下人员完成：克里斯托弗·沃森（Christopher Watson）——南极分部志愿测量员，约翰·希斯洛普（John Hyslop）——LANDINFO测量员。

项目概况
南极分部编制的《测量员作业指南》已收录于附录A，详细说明了本项目的各项细节。1997/1998年度南极测量项目分为两大核心作业区域：
1. 第二航次至第四航次期间的莫森站作业：涵盖近海岛屿摄影控制、使用林哈夫相机（Linhof）开展企鹅群落航空摄影、莫森站潮位站网络维护以及站区地图更新。
2. 第四航次至第五航次期间的戴维斯站作业：涵盖劳尔群岛（Rauer Group）与拉瑟曼丘陵（Larsemann Hills）航空摄影、比弗湖区域航空摄影与潮位监测工作，以及南查尔斯王子山脉的垂直与倾斜航空摄影；此外还包括斯克林与默里巨石（Scullin and Murray Monoliths）的摄影控制，以及布朗山（Mount Brown）、米尔尼近海岛屿及米尔尼与戴维斯站之间区域的摄影作业。

戴维斯站的配套测量工作包括：站区详细测量、潮位站联测以及弗德霍夫丘陵（Vestfold Hills）的湖泊水位监测。在第二航次经停凯西站（Casey）期间，作业方要求开展码头区域测量、水准测量与站区细节地图更新工作。

改进建议
### 航空摄影相关
1. 升级飞行程序，使其支持在屏幕上显示电子地图。
2. 直升机上的飞行员显示屏无法正常工作，需排查修复。笔者推测该故障可能源于飞行程序的设置项；由于难以理解所有设置项的含义，补充相关操作文档或可改善该问题。
3. 受上述显示屏故障影响，团队更多依赖空勤人员通过显示器进行导航，因此亟需增强对显示界面的操控权限，例如缩放功能与航次选择功能。
4. 加装视频漂移瞄准器将大幅提升作业效率；若能将其直接集成至相机机身，可节省机舱空间并减少布线需求。
5. 部分胶片卷轴在带齿驱动轴上安装过紧。在比弗湖区域的直升机内的黑色摄影包中装载胶片时，笔者不得不将新胶片卷至适配的备用卷轴上。需对所有胶片卷轴进行检查调试。

### 后勤保障相关
每日需将直升机返回戴维斯站的调度要求，无疑带来了极高的运营成本。前往南查尔斯王子山脉的往返航程需8小时，而飞行员单日最大飞行时长约为11小时，这使得有效作业时间被大幅压缩。途中虽有开展航空摄影的机会，但在两次前往查尔斯王子山脉（PCMs）的任务中，团队均将首要目标定为抵达作业区域，寄望于返程时能抽出时间开展摄影，却均因时间不足而选择最直接的航线返航。笔者不禁设想，若将直升机在比弗湖驻留数日，本可完成更多作业任务。

此外，部分时段南查尔斯王子山区天气适宜飞行，但前往作业区的途中却因恶劣天气无法起飞。这种调度模式无疑给直升机的高效使用带来了额外压力，实属情理之中。在南查尔斯王子山脉的最后几日飞行任务中，S76直升机（S76）的机舱内搭载了4名作业人员。随后团队接到任务，需从莫森断崖营地运回300公斤装备，这使得摄影作业的机舱空间更为局促，而此时天气已不再适合继续开展航空摄影。笔者认为，尽管通过站长大乔·约翰逊（Joe Johnson）与首席飞行员吉姆·威尔逊（Jim Wilson）的协调，摄影项目获得了优质支持，但如果S76直升机能够直接部署至作业区域，本可取得更丰硕的作业成果。