Causal Relationships Between Smoking and Obesity Mediated by Epigenetic Modifications and Altered Gut Microbiota

Data Sources The uploded data consists of processed/formatted publicly available summary statistics, with the original data sourced from Public GWAS Summary Statistics Sources.xlsx. The ethics approval procedures are detailed in the original GWAS studies. Methods Genome-wide significant SNPs (P < 5 × 10−8) were clumped to ensure genetic independence using the TwoSampleMR package. A strict cut-off of R2 < 0.001 within 10,000 kb windows were used for clumping with the 1000 Genomes European data as the reference linkage disequilibrium (LD) panel using PLINK's clumping algorithm. Acknowledgements We would like to thank UK Biobank (Health research data for the world - UK Biobank), GSCAN (https://genome.psych.umn.edu/index.php/GSCAN), GIANT (GIANT consortium - Giant Consortium), GERA (GERA summary statistics), GoDMC (GoDMC Database), DMP consortium (Dutch Microbiome Project), IEU GWAS Database (IEU OpenGWAS project) and GWAS catalog (GWAS Catalog) for providing the publicly available genetic and phenotypic data critical to our research. We acknowledge the efforts of the research teams, participants, and consortia behind these datasets for their commitment to open science.