LINGUISTIC MARKERS OF ETHNICITY IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH TOPONYMS: A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH

This article investigates the linguistic markers of ethnicity reflected in Uzbek and English toponyms from a functional perspective. The study examines how geographical names preserve ethnic identity, cultural memory, and historical worldview through lexical, semantic, and morphological elements. Particular attention is paid to the role of ethnonyms, tribal names, cultural symbols, and historical references in the formation of place names in both languages. The research also analyzes the sociolinguistic functions of toponyms in expressing territorial belonging and ethnic heritage. The findings demonstrate that Uzbek and English toponyms serve not only as geographical indicators but also as important linguistic units that transmit cultural and ethnic information across generations. The article highlights the functional significance of ethnic markers in shaping national identity and intercultural understanding.