Ketogenic diet (but not sugar restriction) alters glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, peripheral tissue phenotype and the gut microbiome: an RCT.

This aim of this study was to investigate how dietary sugar and carbohydrates influence metabolism and health across a 12-week period, with a focus on physical activity. One third of participants will eat a diet with typical amounts of sugar and carbohydrate, one third of participants will eat a diet with sugar intake restricted, and the final third of participants will eat a diet where both sugar and total carbohydrates are restricted and replaced with fat.

To achieve this, healthy non-obese adults, aged 18-65 years were recruited to take part in an intervention study with measures of energy intake, energy expenditure, metabolic health, gut microbiota, and appetite. All laboratory trials took place at the University of Bath. Participants were be randomised to consume one of three diets for a period of 12 weeks, with laboratory visits at baseline, at week 4, and at week 12:

CONTROL (moderate sugar) - reflecting the composition of a typical European diet
Low sugar - the same composition of a typical European diet but with <5% energy intake from sugar
Low carbohydrate - low carbohydrate diet with <5% energy intake from sugar, replacing carbohydrate energy with fat

The dataset includes demographic data of the participants (n=60) randomised and data from the trials they participated in. The types of data that were collected during the trials are as follows:
Age
Height
Body mass
Body composition (by Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry)
Resting metabolic rate
Postprandial substrate oxidation
Exercise metabolism
Physical activity energy expenditure
Fasting and postprandial concentrations of circulating metabolites (e.g., glucose, lactate triacylglycerol) and hormones (e.g. insulin, C-peptide)
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of plasma (e.g., lipoprotein size and particle number)
Skeletal muscle protein levels
Adipose tissue mRNA levels
Fasting haemotology (e.g., white blood cell count, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration)
Urinary acetoacetate concentrations
Self-reported macronutrient and energy intake
Calculated change in energy intake
Visual analogue scales for appetite and mood
Continuous glucose monitoring