Afrobarometer Survey 1999-2001, Merged 12 Country - Africa

Abstract
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The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countires and was later extended to 12 countries (1999-2001). The 12 country dataset was pieced together out of different projects including the intial Round 1 Afrobarometer 7 country survey, the old Southern African Democracy Barometer and similar surveys done in West and East Africa. The 12 country dataset consists of a combined dataset of the following countries:

Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe

Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, and Round 4 (2008) 20 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 5 (2011-2013) and 36 countries in Round 6 (2014-2015). Round 6 (2014-2015) covers 34 countries and Round 7 (2016-2018) coveres 36 countries.

Geographic coverage
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The survey has national coverage in the following 12 African countrires: Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa,Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Analysis unit
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Households and individuals

Universe
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The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling;
• sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalised settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design:
Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages:
Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country.
Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU).
Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points.
Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households.
Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewers alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Further information on sampling protocols, including full details of the methodologies used for each stage of sample selection, can be found in Section 5 of the Afrobarometer Round 5 Survey Manual

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Because Afrobarometer Round 1 emerged out of several different survey research efforts, survey instruments were not standardized across all countries, there are a number of features of the questionnaires that should be noted, as follows:

• In most cases, the data set only includes those questions/variables that were asked in nine or more countries. Complete Round 1 data sets for each individual country have already been released, and are available from ICPSR or from the Afrobarometer website at www.afrobarometer.org.

• In the seven countries that originally formed the Southern Africa Barometer (SAB) - Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe - a standardized questionnaire was used, so question wording and response categories are the generally the same for all of these countries. The questionnaires in Mali and Tanzania were also essentially identical (in the original English version). Ghana, Uganda and Nigeria each had distinct questionnaires.

• This merged dataset combines, into a single variable, responses from across these different countries where either identical or very similar questions were used, or where conceptually equivalent questions can be found in at least nine of the different countries. For each variable, the exact question text from each of the countries or groups of countries ("SAB" refers to the Southern Africa Barometer countries) is listed.

• Response options also varied on some questions, and where applicable, these differences are also noted.

摘要
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非洲晴雨表（Afrobarometer）是一项比较性的公众态度调查系列，旨在评估非洲公民对民主与治理、市场以及公民社会等议题的态度。自1999年以来，该调查定期进行。非洲晴雨表的覆盖范围随着时间的推移而不断扩大。第1轮（1999-2001年）最初覆盖7个国家，后来扩展至12个国家（1999-2001年）。12国数据集由包括第1轮非洲晴雨表7国调查、旧南部非洲民主晴雨表以及在西非和东非进行的类似调查在内的不同项目组合而成。12国数据集包括以下国家的综合数据集：博茨瓦纳、加纳、莱索托、马里、马拉维、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、南非、坦桑尼亚、乌干达、赞比亚和津巴布韦。第2轮（2002-2004年）调查了16个国家的公民，第3轮（2005-2006年）调查了18个国家，第4轮（2008年）调查了20个国家。第5轮（2011-2013年）覆盖了34个国家，第6轮（2014-2015年）覆盖了36个国家。第6轮（2014-2015年）覆盖了34个国家，第7轮（2016-2018年）覆盖了36个国家。
地理覆盖范围
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调查在以下12个非洲国家具有国家覆盖率：博茨瓦纳、加纳、莱索托、马拉维、马里、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、南非、坦桑尼亚、乌干达、赞比亚和津巴布韦。
分析单元
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家庭和个人

总体
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非洲晴雨表调查的样本总体包括该国所有有投票资格的公民。换句话说，我们排除了任何非公民以及任何在调查当天未达到此年龄（通常为18岁）的人。此外，还排除了被认为对研究不相关或不便访问的地区，例如经历武装冲突或自然灾害的地区，以及国家公园和野生动物保护区。作为一项惯例，我们还将居住在制度化环境中的个人排除在外，例如宿舍的学生和监狱或养老院的居民。
数据类型
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样本调查数据

抽样程序
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非洲晴雨表使用国家概率样本，旨在满足以下标准。样本设计旨在生成一个样本，该样本是给定国家所有有投票资格公民的代表性横截面。目标是给每位成年公民一个平等且已知的被选为采访对象的机会。他们通过以下方式实现这一目标：
• 在抽样的每个阶段使用随机选择方法；
• 在可能的情况下，以与人口规模成比例的概率在所有阶段进行抽样，以确保较大的（即人口较多的）地理单位有更大的概率被选入样本。
抽样总体通常包括所有18岁及以上的公民。作为一项标准做法，我们排除了居住在制度化环境中的个人，例如宿舍的学生、医院的病人以及监狱或养老院的居民。偶尔，我们必须排除居住在因冲突或不安全而难以访问的地区的个人。任何此类排除都在随每个数据集附带的 teknisk informasjonsrapport (TIR) 中注明。
样本量和设计：
样本通常包括1,200个或2,400个案例。随机选择的n=1,200个案例的样本可以使推断出国家成年人口的推断误差不超过±2.8%，置信水平为95%。以n=2,400的样本量，误差范围降低至±2.0%，置信水平为95%。
样本设计是一种聚类、分层、多阶段、区域概率样本。具体而言，我们首先根据主要次国家政府单位（州、省、地区等）以及城市或农村位置对样本进行分层。区域分层降低了具有独特种族或语言群体的样本被遗漏的可能性。非洲晴雨表偶尔会故意对国家内部具有政治意义的某些群体进行过抽样，以确保子样本的大小足够大，可以进行分析。任何过抽样都在TIR中注明。
样本阶段：
样本在四个或五个阶段中抽取：
阶段1：仅在农村地区，第一阶段是抽取二级抽样单位（SSU）。SSU在城区不使用，在某些国家在农村地区也不使用。请参阅随每个数据集附带的TIR，以了解任何特定国家的具体样本详情。
阶段2：我们随机选择一级抽样单位（PSU）。
阶段3：然后随机选择抽样起点。
阶段4：访谈员随后随机选择家庭。
阶段5：在家庭内部，访谈员随机选择一名受访者。每位访谈员在每个家庭中交替采访男性或女性受访者，以确保样本中的性别平衡。为了将现场工作的成本和后勤控制在可管理的范围内，每个选定的PSU中聚集了八个访谈。
有关抽样协议的更多信息，包括样本选择每个阶段的所用方法的完整细节，可在非洲晴雨表第5轮调查手册的第5节中找到。
数据收集方式
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面对面（f2f）
研究工具
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由于非洲晴雨表第1轮是从几个不同的调查研究中产生的，因此调查工具在所有国家之间并未标准化，以下是对问卷的一些特征的说明：
• 在大多数情况下，数据集仅包括在9个或更多国家中提出的问题/变量。每个国家的完整第1轮数据集已发布，并可通过ICPSR或非洲晴雨表网站www.afrobarometer.org获取。
• 在最初构成南部非洲晴雨表（SAB）的7个国家（博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚和津巴布韦）中，使用了标准化的问卷，因此问题措辞和回答类别在这些国家通常是相同的。马里和坦桑尼亚的问卷也基本上相同（原始英文版本）。加纳、乌干达和尼日利亚各自有独特的问卷。
• 该合并数据集将来自这些不同国家（或“SAB”指南部非洲晴雨表国家）的响应合并到一个单一的变量中，这些国家使用了相同或非常相似的问题，或者至少在9个不同的国家中可以找到概念上等效的问题。对于每个变量，每个国家或国家群体（“SAB”指南部非洲晴雨表国家）的精确问题文本均列出。
• 一些问题的回答选项也各不相同，在适用的情况下，这些差异也予以注明。