Climate rather than overgrazing explains most rangeland primary productivity change in Mongolia

Rangelands are Earth’s dominant land type, supporting the livelihoods of over two billion people. Concerns about rangelands degradation typically focus on overgrazing. But climate change may be a greater culprit. Using spatially disaggregated, nationwide data from Mongolia, 1984-2024, we exploit seasonal variation in grazing locations to quasi-experimentally estimate the causal effects of livestock herd size, weather, and climate change on rangeland primary productivity. At interannual frequency, herd size modestly but significantly negatively affects primary productivity, with notable variation across agro-ecosystems. The effects of weather fluctuations are, however, an order of magnitude larger. At decadal scale, over which herders can adapt to climate change, herd size effects disappear, and temperature effects dominate. In Mongolia, climate change seems to drive most long-term change in rangeland primary productivity.

Methods
Data for this paper has been collected from a variety of publicly available and official sources in Mongolia. 

Data processing was completed using a combination of Google Earth Engine and Stata.