Regulation of signaling by NODAL

Mature NODAL can form heterodimers with LEFTY1, LEFTY2, or CERBERUS. The heterodimers do not activate the NODAL receptor. LEFTY1 and LEFTY2 also bind CRIPTO and CRYPTIC coreceptors and prevent them from interacting with other components of the NODAL receptor. By these mechanisms LEFTY1, LEFTY2, and CERBERUS negatively regulate NODAL signaling (reviewed in Shen 2007, Schier 2009).成熟的NODAL能与LEFTY1、LEFTY2或CERBERUS形成异源二聚体。这些异源二聚体不会激活NODAL受体。LEFTY1和LEFTY2亦能与CRYPTO和CRYPTIC核心受体结合，从而阻止它们与NODAL受体的其他组分相互作用。通过这些机制，LEFTY1、LEFTY2和CERBERUS对NODAL信号传导发挥负向调控作用（详见Shen 2007，Schier 2009的综述）。