Code from Generation of ciliary beating by steady dynein activity: the effects of inter-filament coupling in multi-filament models

The structure of the axoneme in motile cilia and flagella is emerging with increasing detail from high resolution imaging, but the mechanism by which the axoneme creates oscillatory, propulsive motion remains mysterious. It has recently been proposed that this motion may be caused by a dynamic ‘flutter’ instability that can occur under steady dynein loading, and not by switching or modulation of dynein motor activity (as commonly assumed). In the current work, we have built an improved multi-filament mathematical model of the axoneme and implemented it as a system of discrete equations using the finite-element method. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this model predict the emergence of oscillatory, wavelike solutions in the absence of dynein regulation, and specify the associated frequencies and waveforms of beating. Time-domain simulations with this model illustrate the behaviour predicted by the system's eigenvalues. This model and analysis allow us to efficiently explore the potential effects of difficult-to-measure biophysical parameters, such as elasticity of radial spokes and inter-doublet links, on the ciliary waveform. These results support the idea that dynamic instability without dynamic dynein regulation is a plausible and robust mechanism for generating ciliary beating.