Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2021 - Tonga

Abstract
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The 2021 Tonga HIES is the new update of this kind, after the 2015/2016, 2009 & 2001 versions. This survey aims to provide indicators on Household Living Standard using monetary aspect (amount of income and expenditure), non-monetary aspect (calory consumed, assets own, imputed rents…) and more social approach (education, health, food security status…). Survey outputs have multiple uses in various domains such as public health (food nutrition analysis), economic development (poverty), system of National Account (consumption aggregates), and they represent a key source of information to populate many National SDGs.

Geographic coverage
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National coverage.

Analysis unit
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Household and Individual.

Universe
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Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) covered all persons who were considered to be usual residents of private dwellings.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The Tonga 2021 HIES sample design is based on a two stages sample design, where each stage corresponds to a random selection:
- Stage 1: random selection of census blocks (using the probability of selection proportional to size)
- Stage 2: random selection of households (from the selected blocks). Within each selected blocks, 12 households were randomly selected (uniform probability)
The survey aims to disseminate results at strata level where stratas are defined on geographical combination of provinces and urban rural areas. The sample sizes were calculated at the strata level, with the aim of minimizing the sampling error (and relative sampling error) within each strata.

The sampling frame used was the 2016 population census.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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The 2021 Tonga Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) questionnaire was developed in English and Tongan language and it follows the Pacific Standard HIES questionnaire structure. It is administered on CAPI using Survey Solution, and the diary is no longer part of the form. All transactions (food, non food, home production and gifts) are collected through different recall sections during the same visit. The traditional 14 days diary is no longer recommended in the region.
This new method of implementing the HIES present some interesting and valuable advantages such as: cost saving, data quality, time reduction for data processing and reporting.
Only a sub sample of the selected HIES sample was asked to fill a 2-week diary (in addition to the core recall HIES questionnaire). But only the recall sections are used to compute the HIES outputs and aggregates, this sub sample HIES diary was made for research purposes.

Below is a list of all modules in this questionnaire:
-Household ID
-Demographic characteristics
-Education
-Health
-Functionality
-Communication
-Alcohol
-Other individual expenses
-Labour force
-Fisheries & hunting
-Handicraft
-Dwelling
-Assets
-Home maintenance
-Vehicle
-International trips
-Domestic trips
-Household services
-Financial support
-Other household expenditure
-Ceremonies
-Remittances
-Food insecurity
-Livestock & aquaculture
-Agriculture parcel
-Agriculture vegetables
-Agriculture rootcrops
-Agriculture other plants
-Agriculture fruits
-Legal services.

The survey questionnaire can be found in this documentation.

Cleaning operations
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Once the data was collected using Survey Solutions, it was then edited on Stata (version 15).

Response rate
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The final response rate including replacement from List B can be found below:

-Tongatapu urban: 95%
-Tongatapu rural: 93.3%
-Vava'u: 92.5%
-Ha'apai: 96.1%
-Eua: 99.2%
-Ongo Niua: 96.6%
-Total Tonga: 94.8%

摘要
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2021年汤加家庭收入与支出调查（HIES）是继2015/2016年、2009年和2001年版之后的最新更新。该调查旨在通过货币方面（收入与支出的数额）、非货币方面（消耗的卡路里、拥有的资产、估算租金等）以及更加社会化的方法（教育、健康、粮食安全状况等）来提供家庭生活水平指标。调查成果在公共卫生（食品营养分析）、经济发展（贫困）、国民账户体系（消费汇总）等多个领域具有多重用途，并作为众多国家可持续发展目标（SDGs）信息资源的关键来源。
地理覆盖范围
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全国。
分析单位
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家庭与个人。
调查范围
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家庭收入与支出调查（HIES）涵盖了所有被认为是私人住宅常住居民的个体。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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汤加2021年HIES的样本设计基于两阶段抽样设计，其中每个阶段对应于一个随机选择过程：
- 阶段1：随机选择人口普查区块（使用与规模成比例的选择概率）
- 阶段2：从选定的区块中随机选择家庭（在选定的区块内，每个区块随机选择12个家庭，概率均匀）。调查旨在在以省和城乡地理组合定义的层级别上发布结果。
样本量在层级别计算，旨在最小化每个层级的抽样误差（及相对抽样误差）。
所使用的抽样框架是2016年人口普查。
数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]
研究工具
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2021年汤加家庭收入与支出调查（HIES）问卷以英语和汤加语开发，并遵循太平洋标准HIES问卷结构。它通过Survey Solution在CAPI上进行管理，日记部分不再作为问卷的一部分。所有交易（食品、非食品、家庭生产和礼物）在相同的访问期间通过不同的回忆部分收集。该区域不再推荐传统的14天日记。
这种新的HIES实施方法呈现了一些有趣且宝贵的优势，如：成本节约、数据质量提升、数据处理和报告时间缩短。
仅对选定的HIES样本中的子样本要求填写两周日记（除核心回忆HIES问卷外）。但只有回忆部分用于计算HIES输出和汇总，该子样本HIES日记是为研究目的制作的。
以下是问卷中所有模块的列表：
- 家庭ID
- 人口统计学特征
- 教育
- 健康
- 功能性
- 通信
- 酒精
- 其他个人支出
- 劳动力市场
- 渔业与狩猎
- 手工艺品
- 居住
- 资产
- 家庭维护
- 车辆
- 国际旅行
- 国内旅行
- 家庭服务
- 财务支持
- 其他家庭支出
- 仪式
- 汇款
- 粮食不安全
- 畜牧业与水产养殖
- 农业地块
- 农业蔬菜
- 农业根类作物
- 农业其他植物
- 农业水果
- 法律服务。
调查问卷可在本文档中找到。
数据清洗操作
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使用Survey Solutions收集数据后，数据在Stata（版本15）上进行编辑。
响应率
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包括从列表B的替换在内的最终响应率如下所示：
- 托加塔布城市：95%
- 托加塔布农村：93.3%
- 瓦瓦乌：92.5%
- 哈帕伊：96.1%
- 埃乌：99.2%
- 奥诺尼乌阿：96.6%
- 汤加总计：94.8%