Mitigating effects of vanadium toxicity exogenously applied melatonin in rapeseed

Brassica napus L. (B. napus) is a widely recognized edible oil crop cultivated worldwide. Its production is significantly affected by abiotic stresses, including heavy metals. Vanadium (V) is a heavy metal known to reduce plant biomass and photosynthetic pigments while increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Melatonin (MT) is an emerging nontoxic regulatory biomolecule that modulates plant growth under abiotic stresses; however, there is limited understanding of the mitigative effects of MT against V-induced phytotoxicity in B. napus. In this study, four treatments were applied: control (CK), melatonin (MT, 100 uM), vanadium (V, 100 mg L-1), and MT + V (MTV) to evaluate MT-mediated tolerance in B. napus under V toxicity