Hummingbirds use compensatory eye movements to stabilize both rotational and translational visual motion

To maintain stable vision, behaving animals make compensatory eye movements in response to image slip, a reflex known as the optokinetic response (OKR). Although OKR has been studied in several avian species, eye movements during flight are expected to be minimal. This is because vertebrates with laterally placed eyes typically show weak OKR to nasal-to-temporal motion (NT), which simulates typical forward locomotion, compared to temporal-to-nasal motion (TN), which simulates atypical backward locomotion. This OKR asymmetry is also reflected in the pretectum, wherein neurons sensitive to global visual motion also exhibit a TN bias. Hummingbirds, however, stabilize visual motion in all directions through whole-body movements and are unique among vertebrates in that they lack a pretectal bias. We therefore predicted that OKR in hummingbirds would be symmetrical. We measured OKR in restrained hummingbirds by presenting gratings drifting across a range of speeds. OKR in hummingbirds was asy..., Animals Six adult male Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna) were caught on the University of British Columbia campus (07 Feb 2022 – 04 March 2023). Animals were individually housed in 0.61 x 0.61 x 0.91-m cages and provided with ad libitum artificial nectar (Nektar-Plus, Nekton, Pforzheim, Germany & Nectar 9, Roudybush, Woodland, California, USA). All procedures were approved by the University of British Columbia Animal Care Committee in accordance with the guidelines set out by the Canadian Council on Animal Care. Animals were released back to the wild following the experiments described herein. Method of restraint To allow the release of the birds after our experiments, we developed a method for non-invasive restraint of hummingbirds. Head-restraint is required to study OKR in the absence of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. We restrained hummingbirds in a flight posture by wrapping them in an elastic “ACE Brand” bandage (3M, Maplewood, USA) and placing them on a plastic bed tilted 10° a..., , This folder contains all files and code related to the paper titled \"Hummingbirds use compensatory eye movements to stabilize both rotational and translational visual motion\". Because of the size of some files (high-speed video, in particular), intermediate files are not included, as the total size of all files associated with this project is >5 tb. An example raw video is included to test pupilTracker.py. However, all videos are uploaded as high-quality MP4 files following consultation with journal staff. The organization of these files is as follows: --- **analysisScripts** -- contains major code for collection of pupil data (python), processing of pupil data (MATLAB), and analysis and visualization (R). \-- pupilTracker.py -- INPUT: video, DLC file, OUTPUT: file in \"rawData\". DESCRIPTION: extracts the position of the pupil using the video and a DeepLabCut file associated with that video. The resulting file combines the DeepLabCut output with the position of the pupil, tracked...为维持稳定的视觉状态，行为动物会通过代偿性眼球运动抵消图像滑移，这一反射被称为视动反射（optokinetic response, OKR）。尽管已有多项针对鸟类视动反射的研究，但飞行过程中的眼球运动通常被认为极微弱——这是因为侧位眼的脊椎动物对模拟正向运动的鼻侧到颞侧（nasal-to-temporal, NT）视觉运动的视动反射较弱，而对模拟逆向运动的颞侧到鼻侧（temporal-to-nasal, TN）视觉运动的反射更强。这种视动反射的不对称性同样体现在顶盖前区（pretectum）：对全局视觉运动敏感的神经元也表现出TN偏好。但蜂鸟通过全身运动稳定所有方向的视觉运动，且是脊椎动物中唯一不存在顶盖前区偏倚的类群。因此我们推测蜂鸟的视动反射应是对称的。我们通过向被约束的蜂鸟呈现不同漂移速度的光栅来测量其视动反射。蜂鸟的视动反射呈不对称……，实验动物 6只成年雄性安娜蜂鸟（Calypte anna）于2022年2月7日至2023年3月4日在不列颠哥伦比亚大学校园内被捕获。实验动物单笼饲养于0.61×0.61×0.91米的笼舍中，自由取食人工花蜜（Nektar-Plus，德国Nekton公司，普福尔茨海姆；Nectar 9，美国Roudybush公司，伍德兰）。所有实验流程均获不列颠哥伦比亚大学动物护理委员会批准，符合加拿大动物护理委员会制定的伦理准则。实验结束后，所有动物均放归野外。 约束方法：为确保实验后可将蜂鸟放归，我们开发了一种无创约束蜂鸟的方法。要在无前庭眼反射（vestibulo-ocular reflex）干扰的条件下研究视动反射，需对头部进行固定。我们将蜂鸟以飞行姿态固定：用弹性"ACE品牌"绷带（3M公司，美国梅普尔伍德）包裹蜂鸟，并将其置于倾斜10°的塑料固定台……，，本文件夹包含与论文《蜂鸟通过代偿性眼球运动稳定旋转与平移视觉运动》相关的全部文件与代码。由于部分文件（尤其是高速视频）体积较大，本项目相关所有文件总大小超过5TB，因此未包含中间文件。我们提供了一段原始视频示例以测试pupilTracker.py。经与期刊编辑沟通后，所有视频均以高质量MP4格式上传。 文件组织架构如下： --- **analysisScripts**——包含采集瞳孔数据（Python语言）、处理瞳孔数据（MATLAB语言）以及分析与可视化（R语言）的核心代码。 -- pupilTracker.py——输入：视频文件、DeepLabCut标记文件；输出：rawData文件夹内的文件。功能说明：通过视频及对应视频的DeepLabCut标记文件提取瞳孔位置，最终生成整合DeepLabCut输出结果与追踪得到的瞳孔位置的文件……