The Pueblo Grande Project: Ceramics and the Production and Exchange of Pottery in the Central Phoenix Basin, Part One

Soil Systems, Inc. (SSI) of Phoenix, Arizona conducted a 16-month data recovery project at the large Hohokam village of Pueblo Grande. The site is located on the north bank of the Salt River in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Approximately 20 to 25 percent of the site was excavated as the result of the expansion of the urban freeway system in Phoenix. The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) sponsored the project. Pueblo Grande was one of the primary villages in the Phoenix Basin and is located in the northern Sonoran desert of south-central Arizona. The site was occupied as early as A.D. 500 during the Pioneer period. The remains found in the project area date primarily to the Classic period. Early occupation of the project area is limited to the late Sedentary period, probably dating between A.D. 1000 and 1100 or 1150. The Classic period occupation in the project area probably dates between A.D. 1150 and 1450. The Classic period phase dates for the project area are: the Soho phase, A.D. 1150 to 1800; the Civano phase, A.D. 1250 or 1300 to 1375; and the Polvorón phase, A.D. 1350+ to 1425 or 1450. The SSI research at Pueblo Grande broadly addressed the socioeconomic organization and evolution of the Classic period Hohokam as viewed from Pueblo Grande. Research domains were developed to focus specifically on the questions of socioeconomic organization and evolution, particularly at the coresident, household, and site level. Topics addressed included the size, composition, and functional variability of coresident (pithouse aggregates or courtyard groups and compounds) units; the degree of integration within and between coresident units in a single architectural complex; evidence of economic specialization or subsistence diversification; demography and growth rates; variation in diet reflecting greater access to a wider variety of foodstuffs in wealthier households; variation in the distribution of prestige items; and the degree of overlap between coresidential and household units. For the purposes of this study, coresidential units consist of a group of people who normally share living quarters, and households include people who share in the maximum number of definable activities in a particular cultural setting. Research also focused on the mortuary practices of the Classic period Hohokam at Pueblo Grande. A total of 836 burial features -- 620 inhumations, 189 cremations, and 27 possible burials --was recovered from 17 burial groups. This represented an unprecedented opportunity to study Hohokam social organization. Additionally, because the burials generally occurred in discrete cemeteries that were usually associated with a habitation area, the burial data provided supplemental data on household size, composition, and organization. The array of associated burial offerings, the state of health as determined by the osteological analyses, and the reconstruction of Pueblo Grande community organization contributed information that explicitly addressed the research domains. Defining site structure also was a major goal of this research. Specifically, the concentric-zone model for paramount Hohokam sites was evaluated. Pueblo Grande is of interest because it appears that two central, spatially discrete loci were occupied simultaneously during the late Classic period. One was the platform mound, located in the southern portion of the site, and the other was the big house, which was located toward the north edge of the site. The Pueblo Grande Project report is divided into eight volumes. Volume 3, Ceramics and the Production and Exchange of Pottery in the Central Phoenix Basin, represents a comprehensive analysis of the ceramic material recovered from the project. Spatial variation in plainware and redware is the primary focus of Volume 3, which also discusses Salado Polychrome. Comparatively few red-on buff ceramics were recovered during this project, and therefore the spatial variation in the decorated pottery is not a central topic of the Pueblo Grande research. The results of the rough-sort analysis are presented in Chapter 2. Included in this volume are a petrographic analysis of temper (Chapter 3) and chemical analyses of clay fractions (Chapter 4). Chapter 5 reports on a study of the whole and reconstructible vessels recovered from the excavations. The detailed analysis of sherds from well-dated contexts is presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 reports on an analysis of the Salado polychrome from the project area. These chapters include technological, morphological, functional analyses, and evaluation of production costs and value. The volume concludes with a summary discussion of the results of the various analyses, and presents a revision and refinement of the ceramic typology for the Phoenix Basin. The analyses conducted for this project demonstrated that the redware and plainware pottery from different production areas in the Phoenix Basin could be distinguished on the basis of temper type. As a result, the probable production sources for about 15,000 plainware and 4,000 redware sherds and nearly 2,000 whole pots were determined. Also, temporal variation in vessel forms and technological attributes of the ceramics from different production areas was made clearer because the spatial variation due to production area differences could be controlled. The model of ceramic production and the associated typology provided the theoretical underpinnings and the empirical procedures for a new methodology by which the interaction between Hohokam populations in the central Phoenix Basin is measured directly, quantitatively, and inexpensively. By tracing the exchange of plainware and redware pottery over distances as short as 5 km, Hohokam social organization and political complexity can be investigated with unparalleled resolution.亚利桑那州菲尼克斯的土壤系统公司（Soil Systems, Inc., SSI）在大型霍霍坎（Hohokam）村落普韦布洛格兰德（Pueblo Grande）开展了一项为期16个月的数据回收项目。该遗址位于亚利桑那州菲尼克斯都会区的盐河北岸。由于菲尼克斯城市高速公路系统扩建，该遗址约20%至25%的区域被发掘。亚利桑那州交通部（Arizona Department of Transportation, ADOT）为该项目提供资助。 普韦布洛格兰德是菲尼克斯盆地的核心村落之一，坐落于亚利桑那州中南部的索诺兰沙漠北部。该遗址最早可追溯至公元500年的先驱期。项目区域内发现的遗存主要属于经典期。项目区域的早期居住痕迹仅见于定居晚期，年代大致为公元1000年至1100年或1150年之间。项目区域的经典期居住活动年代大致为公元1150年至1450年。该区域的经典期分期如下：索霍期（Soho phase），公元1150年至1800年；西瓦诺期（Civano phase），公元1250年或1300年至1375年；以及波尔沃龙期（Polvorón phase），公元1350年起至1425年或1450年。 土壤系统公司在普韦布洛格兰德开展的研究，核心目标是基于普韦布洛格兰德的材料，解析霍霍坎文明经典期的社会经济组织与演化历程。研究范畴聚焦于社会经济组织与演化的相关问题，尤其关注共居群体、家庭以及遗址三个层面。研究议题涵盖：共居群体（坑屋集群、院落群与复合建筑）的规模、构成与功能变异；单一建筑复合体内部及共居群体间的整合程度；经济专业化或生计多元化的相关证据；人口统计学特征与人口增长率；富裕家庭获取更多样食物来源所反映的饮食差异；声望器物分布的差异；以及共居群体与家庭单位的重叠程度。本研究中，共居群体指共享居住空间的人群集合，家庭则指在特定文化语境下共享最多可界定活动的人群集合。 研究同时聚焦于普韦布洛格兰德霍霍坎文明经典期的丧葬习俗。项目从17处墓葬群中共清理出836处墓葬遗迹，其中土葬620例、火葬189例，疑似墓葬27例。这为研究霍霍坎的社会组织提供了前所未有的契机。此外，由于墓葬多分布于与居住区域相邻的独立墓地，墓葬数据可补充用于研究家庭的规模、构成与组织形式。伴随墓葬出土的随葬器物组合、通过骨学分析得出的健康状况，以及普韦布洛格兰德社区组织的重建，均为研究范畴提供了明确的实证信息。 明确遗址结构亦是本研究的核心目标之一。具体而言，研究对霍霍坎核心遗址所采用的同心圈层模型进行了验证。普韦布洛格兰德具有研究价值，因为在经典期晚期，该遗址似乎同时存在两处空间相互分离的核心活动区域：一处是位于遗址南部的台基土丘，另一处是位于遗址北缘的大屋建筑。 普韦布洛格兰德项目报告共分为八卷。第三卷《菲尼克斯盆地中部的陶瓷器及其生产与流通》对项目出土的陶瓷遗存进行了全面分析。本卷的核心研究内容为素面陶与红陶的空间分布差异，同时也涉及萨拉多彩陶器（Salado Polychrome）的相关研究。本项目出土的红彩黄褐陶数量相对较少，因此装饰性陶器的空间分布差异并非普韦布洛格兰德研究的核心议题。粗分类分析的结果见于第二章。本卷还包含羼和料的岩相分析（第三章）以及黏土组分的化学分析（第四章）。第五章报告了对发掘出土的完整器及可修复器的研究。第六章对年代明确的地层单位出土陶片进行了详细分析。第七章则针对项目区域出土的萨拉多彩陶器开展了研究。上述章节涵盖了工艺、形态、功能分析以及生产成本与价值评估。本卷最后对各项分析结果进行了总结讨论，并对菲尼克斯盆地的陶瓷类型学进行了修订与完善。 本项目开展的分析表明，菲尼克斯盆地不同生产区域产出的红陶与素面陶可通过羼和料类型加以区分。据此，研究人员确定了约15000片素面陶、4000片红陶以及近2000件完整陶器的可能产地。此外，由于可控制生产区域差异带来的空间变异，不同生产区域陶瓷器的器形时序变化与工艺特征得以更清晰地呈现。陶瓷生产模型与配套的类型学为全新的研究方法提供了理论基础与实证流程，该方法可直接、定量且低成本地量化菲尼克斯盆地中部霍霍坎人群之间的互动关系。通过追踪素面陶与红陶短至5公里范围内的流通情况，我们能够以前所未有的分辨率解析霍霍坎的社会组织与政治复杂性。