Urban Sprawl and its Geomorphological Consequences: A Case Study of Egra Municipality, West Bengal

A B S T R A C T Egra Municipality, located in the Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal, is a historically significant and rapidly growing urban center. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of urban expansion and its multi-dimensional consequences on the physical and socio-environmental landscape of the region. The primary objectives include monitoring land use and land cover (LULC) changes, assessing demographic shifts, and identifying the loss of aesthetic and geomorphological values due to unplanned urbanization. The research employs an integrated approach using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Multitemporal satellite data (from 1993 to 2023) were analyzed to calculate indices such as the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to quantify urban sprawl and vegetation health. Primary data were collected through field observations and questionnaire surveys across 14 wards, while secondary data were sourced from Census reports and municipal records. Statistical methods, including the Simpson’s Diversity Index (SDI) and transport connectivity indices (alpha, beta, gamma), were used for structural analysis. The analysis reveals a significant transformation in the LULC pattern over the last three decades. Settlement areas have expanded from approximately 15.77% in 1993 to nearly 49.69% in 2023, primarily at the expense of agricultural land and vegetation cover. Demographic data indicate a steady population rise, with the 2011 population of 30,148 estimated to reach 41,000 by 2023. The study identifies three distinct phases of expansion: Phase-I (Urbanizing Village), Phase-II (Urbanized Village), and Phase-III (Suburb), each showing a progressive shift from primary to tertiary economic activities and a loss of rural essence. Furthermore, the rapid growth has led to geomorphological stresses, including altered drainage patterns and a decline in the aesthetic quality of the natural landscape. The findings suggest that while Egra is evolving into a key service hub, the current haphazard expansion poses a threat to environmental sustainability. The study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive master plan, improved civic amenities (drainage, sanitation), and the preservation of wetlands and green spaces. Active participation from local authorities and the community is essential for achieving a balanced and sustainable urban future for Egra Municipality.