Results of the study "Coordinated planning of European charging infrastructure and energy system for optimal V1G and V2G deployment"

This repository contains the results of optimising the models available on Zenodo using the energy system optimisation framework Calliope. The utilised models are derived from Sector-coupled Euro-Calliope and Euro-Calliope. The model evaluates the impacts of different charging strategies for passenger electric vehicles (EVs) on the European energy system. These include uncontrolled charging, unidirectional smart charging (V1G), and bidirectional charging infrastructure technologies, also known as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). We develop scenarios that explore alternative transmission grid expansion pathways and different charging infrastructure technology cost assumptions. The model runs use 2018 as the reference weather year and are projected to 2050, accounting for future technology costs and availability. The system is modelled at the country level across 35 European countries, with a 1-hour temporal resolution and a fully sector-coupled representation of the power, heat, industry, and transport sectors. The charging infrastructure is explicitly represented in the model instances, and different technologies compete, with deployment driven by minimising total energy system costs. Result files are named following the convention <charging_scenario>-<cost_scenario>. Charging scenarios include: Uncontrolled (UNC): EVs are charged in an uncoordinated manner. Smart charging (V1G): EVs can charge flexibly to minimize total energy system costs. Bidirectional charging (V2G): EVs can charge and discharge flexibly via dedicated V2G infrastructure. Each folder contains results for all three transmission grid expansion scenarios: Limited Grid Expansion (1x) Moderate Grid Expansion (2x) Unconstrained Grid Expansion (dynamic). The repository also includes sensitivity runs designed to assess the relationship between V2G infrastructure deployment and energy system characteristics. These sensitivity analyses are performed starting from the V2G | Moderate Grid Expansion scenario under the Cost-Base and Cost-Low assumptions: pv_cost: reduction of PV technology costs by 50%; max_v2g: maximisation of V2G charging and discharging flows based on a modelling-to-generate-alternatives (MGA) analysis with a 10% slack on total system costs (including vehicle costs); min_pv: minimisation of photovoltaic deployment based on an MGA analysis with a 10% slack on total system costs (including vehicle costs). The results are stored as NetCDF files and can be converted to .csv format using the data-friendly functions provided in the linked model repository, based on the friendly-calliope toolkit. Further details on scenario definitions and modelling assumptions are provided in the associated publication (link forthcoming).