Benthic cover and fish density on fringing reefs of inshore island groups of the GBR, 1999 – 2014 (NERP 8.2, JCU)

This dataset consists of site and zone means of the percent cover of major benthic categories and the density of fish functional groups on fringing coral reefs of the Keppel, Whitsunday and Palm Island groups, as a result of monitoring surveys carried out between 1999 and 2014. \r\n\r\nThis data extract summarises the results of a long-term monitoring project that assesses the effects of no-take marine reserve zoning in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. \r\n\r\nSpatial zoning for multiple-use is the cornerstone of management for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP). Multiple-use zoning was first implemented widely in the GBRMP in the late 1980’s and this original zoning plan was in place until 2004, when the marine park was completely rezoned under the Representative Areas Program (RAP). The overall proportion of the marine park area assigned into NTRs was increased from around 5% (~ 25% of the coral reefs) to 33.4%. The need to objectively assess the ecological consequences of zoning management has attracted an increasing amount of research effort in recent years. Critical knowledge gaps still remain however, and research is required to determine how and to what extent NTR networks may help to protect biodiversity, sustain stocks of fished species and increase ecosystem resilience. \r\n\r\nThis project was established in 1999 and expanded in 2004, with the primary objective of providing a robust assessment of the ecological effects of multiple-use zoning on inshore coral reefs of the GBRMP. The project uses underwater visual census (UVC) to provide a spatially and temporally replicated assessment of fish and benthic communities and will include concurrent surveys of coral health within no-take (Green) and fished (Blue) zones on high-use inshore reefs. It is one of the few long-term monitoring projects specifically assessing the effects of zoning management within the GBRMP and the only one with a solid baseline data set that was established prior to the implementation of the 2004 zoning management plan.\r\n\r\n\r\nMethods:\r\n\r\nUnderwater visual census (UVC) was used to survey reef fish and benthic communities on fringing coral reefs of the Palm, Magnetic, Whitsunday and Keppel Island groups. Within each island group, sites are evenly distributed between zones that have remained open to fishing (General Use and Conservation Park zones), NTRs that were closed to fishing in 1987, and NTRs that were established in 2004 (Marine National Park zones).\r\n\r\nWithin each site UVC surveys were conducted using 5 replicate transects (50m x 6m, 300m2 survey area). Transects were deployed on the reef slope between approximately 4 and 12 metres depth. Using SCUBA, two observers recorded approximately 190 species of fish from 15 Families (Acanthuridae, Balistidae, Chaetodontidae, Haemulidae, Labridae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, Mullidae, Nemipteridae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Scaridae, Serranidae, Siganidae and Zanclidae). A third diver (observer 3) swam directly behind observers one and two, deploying the transect tapes. This UVC technique reduces diver avoidance or attraction behaviour of the surveyed fish species. To increase accuracy of the fish counts, the species list was divided between the two fish observers. Observer one surveyed the fish families Haemulidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, Mullidae, Nemipteridae, Serranidae and the larger species of Labridae targeted by fishers. Observer two surveyed the families Acanthuridae, Balistidae, Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Scaridae, Siganidae, Zanclidae and small ‘non-targeted’ species of Labridae. Pomacentrids and small labrids were recorded by observer two during return transect swims within a 2m band (1m either side of the tape, 100m2 survey area). \r\n\r\nBroad-scale structural complexity of the reef habitat was estimated by observer one using a simple method that applied a rank (1-5) to both the angle of the reef slope and the rugosity for each ten-metre section of each transect. Observer three utilised a line intercept survey method to record a benthic point sample every metre along each transect tape (50 samples per transect).Benthos sampled in the benthic survey was live and dead hard coral within morphological categories (branching, plate, solitary, tabular, massive, foliose, encrusting) live soft coral, sponges, clams (Tridacna spp.), other invertebrates (such as ascidians and anemones), macro-algae, coral reef pavement, rock, rubble and sand.\r\n\r\n\r\nLimitations:\r\n\r\nNot all island groups could be surveyed in each year, usually due to funding limitations and unpredictable weather events.\r\n\r\n\r\nFormat:\r\n\r\nThe data are contained within two worksheets of an Excel file (215 kB). All benthic data is in % cover, and fish data are in density (individuals per 1000 m2). The first worksheet shows the data averaged for each site, and the second worksheet has average values for each zone (Fished, NTR 1987 and NTR 2004).\r\n\r\n\r\nData Dictionary:\r\n\r\nNames in rounded brackets () are the matching names in the shapefile. This was done to meet the 10 character limitation of this format.\r\n\r\n- SE - Standard Error\r\n- mean - Mean over the transects at a site.\r\n- Total Fish Densit_mean (TFishDenMn)\r\n- Total Fish Densit_SE (TFishDenSE)\r\n- Fish Species richness_mean (FishRichMn)\r\n- Fish Species richness_SE (FishRichSE)\r\n- Fishery Target Spp_mean (FishTargMn) - Pooled group of fish species designated as 'Primary target’ in the species list file. \r\n- Fishery Target Spp_SE (FishTargSE)\r\n- Grazers_mean (GrazersMn) - Pooled group of fish species listed as ‘grazers’ in the species list\r\n- Grazers_SE (GrazersSE)\r\n- Corallivores_mean (CorallivMn)\r\n- Coraliivores_SE (CorallivSE)\r\n- Planktivores_mean (PlanktivMn)\r\n- Planktivores_SE (PlanktivSE)\r\n- Territorial Pomacentrids_mean (TerrPomaMn)\r\n- Territorial Pomacentrids_SE (TerrPomaSE)\r\n- Plectropomus spp_mean (PlectSppMn)\r\n- Plectropomus spp_SE (PlectSppSE)\r\n- SCI_mean - Structural complexity Index.. An index (1-25) calculated by multiplying our visual estimates of reef slope angle (1-5) by reef slope rugosity (Complexity 1-5). These values are estimated for each 10m section of each 50m transect. 5 transects per site = 25 SCI estimates per site. The e-atlas data we have provided is site means… i.e.. the mean of those 25 values. \r\n- LCC - Live coral cover (percent cover), live hard and soft coral pooled.\r\n- LHC - Live hard coral cover (%), live hard coral only. \r\n- MAC - Macro Algae Cover % (fleshy algas only, does not include turf algae)\r\n- Fish Line_SUM - is the pooled number of lines recorded on the 5 transects surveyed at each site. = total number of lines/1500m2.\r\n- Line Accumulation Rate - number of lines accumulated per month.\r\n\r\n\r\nReferences:\r\n\r\n1.\tWilliamson D.H., Ceccarelli D.M., Evans, R.D., Jones, G.P., Russ, G.R. (2014). Habitat dynamics, marine reserve status, and the decline and recovery of coral reef fish communities. Ecology & Evolution 4: 337-354.\r\n\r\n2.\tHassell N.S., Williamson D.H., Evans R.D., Russ G.R. (2013). Reliability of non-expert observer estimates of the magnitude of marine reserve effects. Coastal Management 41(4): 361-380.\r\n\r\n3.\tWen C.K., Almany G.R., Williamson D.H., Pratchett M.S., Mannering T.D., Evans R.D., Leis J.M., Srinivasan M., Jones G.P. (2013). Recruitment hotspots boost the effectiveness of no-take marine reserves. Biological Conservation 166: 124-131.\r\n\r\n4.\tWen C.K., Almany G.R., Williamson D.H., Pratchett M.S., Jones G.P. (2012). Evaluating the effects of marine reserves on diet, prey availability and prey selection by juvenile predatory fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 469: 133-144.\r\n\r\n5.\tHarrison H.B., Williamson D.H., Evans R.D., Almany G.R., Thorrold S.R., Russ G.R., Feldheim K.A., van Herwerden L., Planes S., Srinivasan M., Berumen M.L., Jones G.P. (2012). Larval Export From Marine Reserves and the Recruitment Benefit for Fish and Fisheries. Current Biology 22: 1023-1028.\r\n\r\n6.\tCeccarelli D.M., Williamson D.H. (2012). Sharks that eat sharks: Opportunistic predation by wobbegongs. Coral Reefs 31: 471.\r\n\r\n7.\tMcCook L.J., Ayling A.M., Cappo M., Choat J.H., Evans R.D., De Freitas D.M., Heupel M., Hughes T.P., Jones G.P., Mapstone B., Marsh H., Mills M., Molloy F., Pitcher C.R., Pressey R.L., Russ G.R., Sutton S., Sweatman H., Tobin R., Wachenfeld D.R., Williamson D.H. (2010). Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef: A globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS) 107: 18278-18285.\r\n\r\n8.\tDiaz-Pulido G., McCook L.J., Dove S., Berkelmans R., Roff G., Kline D.I., Weeks S., Evans R., Williamson D.H., Hoegh-Guldberg O. (2009). Doom and Boom on a Resilient Reef: Climate Change, Algal Overgrowth and Coral Recovery. PLoS ONE 4: e5239. \r\n\r\n9.\tChin A., Sweatman H., Forbes S., Perks H., Walker R., Jones G.P., Williamson D.H., Evans R.D., Hartley F., Armstrong S., Malcolm H., Edgar G.J. (2008). Status of coral reefs in Australia and Papua New Guinea. In: Status of the coral reefs of the world: 2008 (ed. Wilkinson, C.), Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, 296pp.\r\n\r\n10.\tRuss G.R., Cheal A.J., Dolman A.M., Emslie M.J., Evans R.D., Miller I., Sweatman H., Williamson D.H. (2008). Rapid increase in fish numbers follows creation of world's largest marine reserve network. Current Biology 18: 514-515. \r\n\r\n11.\tWilliamson D.H., Evans R.D., Russ G.R. (2006). Monitoring the ecological effects of management zoning: Initial surveys of reef fish and benthic communities on reefs in the Townsville and Cairns regions of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Report to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) 67pp.\r\n\r\n12.\tWilliamson D.H., Russ G.R., Ayling A.M. (2004). No-take marine reserves increase abundance and biomass of reef fish on inshore fringing reefs of the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation 31: 149-159. \r\n\r\n13.\tDavis K.L.F., Russ G.R., Williamson D.H., Evans R.D. (2004). Surveillance and poaching on inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Coastal Management 32: 373-387.

本数据集涵盖了1999年至2014年间开展的监测调查结果，包含凯珀尔（Keppel）、圣灵降临（Whitsunday）和棕榈岛（Palm Island）群岸礁（fringing coral reefs）的主要底栖类群（benthic categories）覆盖百分比以及鱼类功能群（fish functional groups）密度的样点与区域均值。

本数据提取内容总结了一项长期监测项目的成果，该项目旨在评估大堡礁海洋公园（Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, GBRMP）内禁捕海洋保护区（no-take marine reserve, NTR）分区的管理效应。

多用途空间分区是大堡礁海洋公园（GBRMP）管理的核心基石。多用途分区于20世纪80年代末在GBRMP首次大范围推行，最初的分区方案沿用至2004年，当年该海洋公园依据代表性区域计划（Representative Areas Program, RAP）完成了全面重新分区。海洋公园内禁捕保护区的总面积占比从约5%（约占珊瑚礁总面积的25%）提升至33.4%。近年来，客观评估分区管理的生态效应的需求推动了大量研究投入，但目前仍存在关键的知识空白，亟需明确禁捕保护区网络可通过何种方式、在多大程度上助力生物多样性保护、维持捕捞物种种群规模以及提升生态系统恢复力。

本项目于1999年启动，2004年进行扩容，核心目标是对多用途分区对GBRMP近岸珊瑚礁的生态效应开展严谨评估。项目采用水下视觉普查（underwater visual census, UVC）方法，对鱼类与底栖群落开展空间与时间上的重复采样评估，并将同步调查高使用强度近岸礁的禁捕（绿色）与捕捞（蓝色）区内的珊瑚健康状况。本项目是GBRMP内少数专门评估分区管理效应的长期监测项目之一，也是唯一在2004年分区管理方案实施前就建立了可靠基线数据集的项目。

### 调查方法

水下视觉普查（UVC）被用于对棕榈岛、磁岛（Magnetic Island）、圣灵降临岛和凯珀尔岛群的岸礁鱼类与底栖群落开展调查。在每个岛群内，样点均匀分布于三类区域：持续对捕捞开放的区域（普通利用区与保护公园区）、1987年起实施禁捕的NTR，以及2004年设立的NTR（海洋国家公园区）。

每个样点内的UVC调查采用5条重复样带（50m×6m，调查面积300m²）。样带布置在礁坡上，水深约4至12米。两名观察员借助水肺潜水，记录了隶属于15个科的约190种鱼类，包括刺尾鱼科（Acanthuridae）、鳞鲀科（Balistidae）、蝴蝶鱼科（Chaetodontidae）、石鲈科（Haemulidae）、隆头鱼科（Labridae）、裸颊鲷科（Lethrinidae）、笛鲷科（Lutjanidae）、羊鱼科（Mullidae）、金线鱼科（Nemipteridae）、盖刺鱼科（Pomacanthidae）、雀鲷科（Pomacentridae）、鹦嘴鱼科（Scaridae）、鮨科（Serranidae）、篮子鱼科（Siganidae）和镰鱼科（Zanclidae）。第三名潜水员（观察员3）紧随两名观察员之后部署样带卷尺。该UVC技术可降低调查鱼类对潜水员的趋避行为影响。为提升鱼类计数的准确性，两名鱼类观察员按科分工：观察员1负责调查石鲈科、裸颊鲷科、笛鲷科、羊鱼科、金线鱼科、鮨科以及渔民捕捞的大型隆头鱼物种；观察员2负责调查刺尾鱼科、鳞鲀科、蝴蝶鱼科、盖刺鱼科、雀鲷科、鹦嘴鱼科、篮子鱼科、镰鱼科以及小型非目标隆头鱼物种。观察员2在返回游经样带时，于1米宽的样带两侧（即100m²调查区域）记录雀鲷科与小型隆头鱼。

礁栖息地的大尺度结构复杂度由观察员1采用简易方法估算：对每条样带每10米区段的礁坡角度与粗糙度分别赋予1-5的等级评分。观察员3则采用样线截距法，沿每条样带卷尺每1米记录一次底栖点样（每条样带50个样本）。底栖调查采样对象包括形态分类下的活与死硬珊瑚（分枝状、板状、单体状、桌形、团块状、叶状、皮壳状）、活软珊瑚、海绵、砗磲属（Tridacna spp.）、其他无脊椎动物（如被囊动物与海葵）、大型藻类、珊瑚礁坪、岩石、碎石与沙质沉积物。

### 局限性

并非所有岛群均可在每年完成调查，这通常受限于经费不足与不可预测的恶劣天气事件。

### 数据格式

数据存储于一个Excel文件的两张工作表中（文件大小215 kB）。所有底栖数据以覆盖百分比表示，鱼类数据以密度单位（每1000m²个体数）呈现。第一张工作表展示每个样点的平均数据，第二张工作表则展示各区域（捕捞区、1987年设立的NTR与2004年设立的NTR）的平均数值。

### 数据字典

圆括号内的名称为对应的形状文件字段名，此举是为适配该格式10个字符的命名限制。
- SE：标准误（Standard Error）
- mean：样点内各条样带的均值
- Total Fish Densit_mean (TFishDenMn)：总鱼类密度均值
- Total Fish Densit_SE (TFishDenSE)：总鱼类密度标准误
- Fish Species richness_mean (FishRichMn)：鱼类物种丰富度均值
- Fish Species richness_SE (FishRichSE)：鱼类物种丰富度标准误
- Fishery Target Spp_mean (FishTargMn)：鱼类捕捞目标类群均值——物种列表中被列为‘主要目标’的鱼类集合类群
- Fishery Target Spp_SE (FishTargSE)：鱼类捕捞目标类群标准误
- Grazers_mean (GrazersMn)：植食性鱼类类群均值——物种列表中被列为‘植食者’的鱼类集合类群
- Grazers_SE (GrazersSE)：植食性鱼类类群标准误
- Corallivores_mean (CorallivMn)：食珊瑚鱼类类群均值
- Corallivores_SE (CorallivSE)：食珊瑚鱼类类群标准误
- Planktivores_mean (PlanktivMn)：浮游生物食性鱼类类群均值
- Planktivores_SE (PlanktivSE)：浮游生物食性鱼类类群标准误
- Territorial Pomacentrids_mean (TerrPomaMn)：领域性雀鲷类群均值
- Territorial Pomacentrids_SE (TerrPomaSE)：领域性雀鲷类群标准误
- Plectropomus spp_mean (PlectSppMn)：侧牙鲈属（Plectropomus）物种均值
- Plectropomus spp_SE (PlectSppSE)：侧牙鲈属物种标准误
- SCI_mean：结构复杂度指数（Structural Complexity Index）。该指数（1-25）由礁坡角度视觉评分（1-5）与礁坡粗糙度评分（1-5）相乘得到。评分针对每条50米样带的每10米区段计算。每个样点包含5条样带，因此共25个SCI评分值，本数据集提供的e-atlas数据为该25个值的样点均值。
- LCC：活珊瑚盖度（百分比），为活硬珊瑚与活软珊瑚的总盖度。
- LHC：活硬珊瑚盖度（百分比），仅统计活硬珊瑚。
- MAC：大型藻类盖度百分比（仅肉质藻类，不包括垫状藻（turf algae））
- Fish Line_SUM：每个样点5条样带记录的总样线数，即总样线数/1500m²。
- Line Accumulation Rate：每月累计的样线数。

### 参考文献

1. Williamson D.H., Ceccarelli D.M., Evans, R.D., Jones, G.P., Russ, G.R. (2014). 栖息地动态、海洋保护区状态与珊瑚礁鱼类群落的衰退与恢复. 生态学与进化 4: 337-354.
2. Hassell N.S., Williamson D.H., Evans R.D., Russ G.R. (2013). 非专业观察员对海洋保护区效应评估的可靠性. 海岸管理 41(4): 361-380.
3. Wen C.K., Almany G.R., Williamson D.H., Pratchett M.S., Mannering T.D., Evans R.D., Leis J.M., Srinivasan M., Jones G.P. (2013). 补充热点提升禁捕海洋保护区的效能. 生物保护 166: 124-131.
4. Wen C.K., Almany G.R., Williamson D.H., Pratchett M.S., Jones G.P. (2012). 评估海洋保护区对稚食鱼鱼类食性、猎物可获得性与猎物选择的效应. 海洋生态学进展系列 469: 133-144.
5. Harrison H.B., Williamson D.H., Evans R.D., Almany G.R., Thorrold S.R., Russ G.R., Feldheim K.A., van Herwerden L., Planes S., Srinivasan M., Berumen M.L., Jones G.P. (2012). 海洋保护区的幼虫输出及其对鱼类与渔业的补充效益. 当代生物学 22: 1023-1028.
6. Ceccarelli D.M., Williamson D.H. (2012). 食鲨的鲨鱼：斑须鲨的机会性捕食行为. 珊瑚礁 31: 471.
7. McCook L.J., Ayling A.M., Cappo M., Choat J.H., Evans R.D., De Freitas D.M., Heupel M., Hughes T.P., Jones G.P., Mapstone B., Marsh H., Mills M., Molloy F., Pitcher C.R., Pressey R.L., Russ G.R., Sutton S., Sweatman H., Tobin R., Wachenfeld D.R., Williamson D.H. (2010). 大堡礁的适应性管理：全球范围内海洋保护区网络效益的重要示范. 美国国家科学院院刊 107: 18278-18285.
8. Diaz-Pulido G., McCook L.J., Dove S., Berkelmans R., Roff G., Kline D.I., Weeks S., Evans R., Williamson D.H., Hoegh-Guldberg O. (2009). 韧性珊瑚礁上的兴衰：气候变化、藻类过度增殖与珊瑚恢复. PLoS ONE 4: e5239.
9. Chin A., Sweatman H., Forbes S., Perks H., Walker R., Jones G.P., Williamson D.H., Evans R.D., Hartley F., Armstrong S., Malcolm H., Edgar G.J. (2008). 澳大利亚与巴布亚新几内亚的珊瑚礁现状. 收录于：《2008年世界珊瑚礁现状》（Wilkinson, C. 编辑）, 全球珊瑚礁监测网络与珊瑚礁与雨林研究中心, 汤斯维尔, 共296页.
10. Russ G.R., Cheal A.J., Dolman A.M., Emslie M.J., Evans R.D., Miller I., Sweatman H., Williamson D.H. (2008). 全球最大海洋保护区网络设立后鱼类数量的快速增长. 当代生物学 18: 514-515.
11. Williamson D.H., Evans R.D., Russ G.R. (2006). 管理分区的生态效应监测：大堡礁海洋公园汤斯维尔与凯恩斯区域礁体的鱼类与底栖群落初始调查. 提交给大堡礁海洋公园管理局（Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, GBRMPA）的报告, 共67页.
12. Williamson D.H., Russ G.R., Ayling A.M. (2004). 禁捕海洋保护区提升大堡礁近岸岸礁的鱼类丰度与生物量. 环境保护 31: 149-159.
13. Davis K.L.F., Russ G.R., Williamson D.H., Evans R.D. (2004). 大堡礁海洋公园近岸礁体的监视与偷捕行为. 海岸管理 32: 373-387.