Table2_Modeling Functional Flows in California’s Rivers.XLSX

Environmental flows are critical to the recovery and conservation of freshwater ecosystems worldwide. However, estimating the flows needed to sustain ecosystem health across large, diverse landscapes is challenging. To advance protections of environmental flows for streams in California, United States, we developed a statewide modeling approach focused on functional components of the natural flow regime. Functional flow components in California streams—fall pulse flows, wet season peak flows and base flows, spring recession flows, and dry season baseflows—support essential physical and ecological processes in riverine ecosystems. These functional flow components can be represented by functional flow metrics (FFMs) and quantified by their magnitude, timing, frequency, duration, and rate-of-change from daily streamflow records. After calculating FFMs at reference-quality streamflow gages in California, we used machine-learning methods to estimate their natural range of values for all stream reaches in the state based on physical watershed characteristics, and climatic factors. We found that the models performed well in predicting FFMs in streams across a diversity of landscape and climate contexts, according to a suite of model performance criteria. Using the predicted FFM values, we established initial estimates of ecological flows that are expected to support critical ecosystem functions and be broadly protective of ecosystem health. Modeling functional flows at large regional scales offers a pathway for increasing the pace and scale of environmental flow protections in California and beyond.