No impacts of glyphosate or Crithidia bombi, or their combination, on the bumblebee microbiome.

We tested the impacts of a high acute oral dose of glyphosate on the gut microbiome of the buff tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris), and glyphosate interaction with the gut parasite (Crithidia bombi). We used a fully crossed design measuring mortality, parasite intensity and the bacterial composition in the gut microbiome estimated from the relative abundance of 16S rRNA amplicons.