MODERN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF FETLOCK AND CARPAL JOINT SYNOVITIS IN SPORT AND WORKING HORSES (LITERATURE REVIEW)

This article provides a systematic analysis of contemporary scientific literature on the diagnosis and treatment of synovitis of the fetlock and carpal joints in sport and working horses. The study comprehensively examines the etiological factors and pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease, with particular emphasis on the role of mechanical overload, repetitive microtrauma, and degenerative changes in joint tissues. The clinical manifestations of synovitis and the challenges associated with its early diagnosis are critically evaluated. In addition, the diagnostic value and practical significance of modern imaging and laboratory techniques, including ultrasonography, radiography, arthroscopy, and synovial fluid analysis, are assessed. Within the framework of treatment strategies, the effectiveness of conservative therapy, intra-articular administration of drugs (corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid), and biological therapies is discussed based on current scientific evidence. The analysis demonstrates that a comprehensive approach—combining pharmacotherapy, physiotherapy, and optimized workload management—ensures high therapeutic efficacy.