Vaccines delivered onto mucosal surfaces: clinical trial with a nasal vaccine against influenza, 2001

Mucosal Vaccines are easier to provide and may cause less severe side effects. Experiments on mice have shown that a "killed" vaccine against influenza may give rise to strong immunity having been given as nose drops.

Our findings in humans confirmed the earlier findings performed on mice. There was no effect in humans of so-called "adjuvants" or enhancers which are commonly used in vaccines. Nor was the effect of a drug used in nose drops to increase stickiness to mucous membranes.