Snowpack operational reruns 2023

These are re-runs of Snowpack operational simulations (for avalanche warning) redone in 2022-2023 for the winters 1996 until 2023 with the original IMIS database forcings and the Snowpack model version 3.6.5 (98a23cd), compiled on 2022-12-01 (cited as Bavay, M. (2026). Snowpack-3.6.5 (3.6.5). Zenodo. 10.5281/zenodo.19258679).

Snowpack was used in its IMIS operational configuration as it is used for the operational avalanche warning in Switzerland: the simulations did not model soil, relying on a Dirichlet lower boundary condition (upper soil temperature). The upper boundary condition (energy exchange between the snow or soil and the atmosphere) relied on either a measured snow or soil surface temperature (Dirichlet when the surface temperature was less than -1°C) or a parameterized incoming long wave radiation (Neumann) relying on an atmospheric cloudiness estimated from the measured short wave radiation (Carmona, 2014). These reanalyses additionally used a horizon computed from a 25m resolution digital elevation model in order to distinguish shading by the terrain from cloudy sky when parameterising the incoming long wave radiation.