Palbociclib synergizes with ATRA to induce differentiation in AML. Palbociclib synergizes with ATRA to induce differentiation in AML

Differentiation therapy based on ATRA almost cured acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, it is disappointing that ATRA is not effective against other acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtypes. Developing new and effective anti-AML therapies that promote leukemia differentiation is necessary. The CDK4/6-cyclin D pathway is a key initiator of the G1/S phase transition, which determines cell fate. Herein, we investigated whether the CDK4/6 inhibitor Palbociclib would synergize with ATRA to promote leukemia differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Our findings revealed that the CDK4/6-cyclin D pathway was active in AML, and we observed that Palbociclib sensitized AML cells to ATRA-induced morphologic, biochemical, and functional changes indicative of myeloid differentiation without cell death. The combination of Palbociclib and ATRA attenuated AML cell expansion in vivo. These enhanced differentiation effects may be associated with the regulation of transcription factors, including RARα, E2F1, and STAT1. Overall, our findings demonstrate that CDK4/6 inhibition sensitizes AML cells to ATRA and could guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies for AML patients.