Long-term monitoring dataset of crop harvest period traits and yield of typical farmland ecosystems in the Taihu Plain from 2004 to 2020

Rice (Oryza sativa) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) are the main crops cultivated in the farmland ecosystem of the Taihu Plain in the Yangtze River Delta. The 1 000-grain weight, grains per panicle, and spikes per plant are agronomic traits of crops, which significantly influence yield. It is of great significance to understand the changes of agronomic traits and yield during the harvest period of crops in this region, and to ensure regional food security and ecological security. The agronomic traits and yield datasets of crops during the harvest period also directly provide a long-term data verification for global climate change, such as temperature increase. The Jiangsu Changshu National Agro-Ecosystem Observation and Research Station (Changshu Station) is the only national farmland ecosystem scientific observation and research station in the Yangtze River Delta, representing the semi-artificial wetland farmland ecosystem dominated by rice cultivation in the northern subtropical Taihu Lake Plain. This dataset contains agronomic traits and yield data of rice and winter wheat harvest plots in the past 17 years (2004–2020), derived from long-term biological monitoring at Changshu station. This dataset can provide data support for research on crop growth model, remote sensing yield estimation, regional crop growth dynamics, agriculture responds to and adapts to climate change.