Data from: Genomic data reveal ancient microendemism in forest scorpions across the California Floristic Province

The California Floristic Province (CFP) in western North America is a globally significant biodiversity hotspot. Elucidating patterns of endemism and the historical drivers of this diversity has been an important challenge of comparative phylogeography for over two decades. We generated phylogenomic data using ddRADseq to examine genetic structure in Uroctonus forest scorpions, an ecologically restricted and dispersal-limited organism widely distributed across the CFP north to the Columbia River. We coupled our genetic data with species distribution models (SDMs) to determine climatically suitable areas for Uroctonus both now and during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Based on our analyses, Uroctonus is composed of two major genetic groups that likely diverged over two million years ago. Each of these groups itself contains numerous genetic groups that reveal a pattern of vicariance and microendemism across the CFP. Migration rates among these populations are low. SDMs suggest forest scorpion habitat has remained relatively stable over the last 21,000 years, consistent with the genetic data. Our results suggest tectonic plate rafting, mountain uplift, river drainage formation, and climate-induced habitat fragmentation have all likely played a role in the diversification of Uroctonus. The intricate pattern of genetic fragmentation revealed across a temporal continuum highlights the potential of low-dispersing species to shed light on small-scale patterns of biodiversity and the underlying processes that have generated this diversity in biodiversity hotspots.北美西部的加利福尼亚植物区系省（California Floristic Province，CFP）是全球极具重要性的生物多样性热点区域。二十余年来，阐明该区域的特有性分布格局及其生物多样性的历史驱动机制，一直是比较系统地理学领域的核心研究课题。本研究采用双酶切限制性位点相关DNA测序（ddRADseq）技术生成系统基因组学数据，以探究林栖幽蝎属（Uroctonus）物种的遗传结构；该类生物生态位受限且扩散能力有限，广泛分布于加利福尼亚植物区系省全境，北抵哥伦比亚河。我们将遗传数据与物种分布模型（species distribution models，SDMs）相结合，以此确定当前及末次盛冰期（Last Glacial Maximum，LGM）时段林栖幽蝎属物种的气候适宜分布区。基于本研究的分析结果，幽蝎属包含两个主要遗传类群，二者的分化时间可能距今超过200万年。每个主要遗传类群内部又包含多个次级遗传类群，展现出加利福尼亚植物区系省范围内的隔离分化与微特有性分布模式。该类群的种群间基因流水平极低。物种分布模型结果显示，过去21000年间林栖蝎的栖息地相对稳定，这与遗传数据的分析结果一致。本研究结果表明，板块漂移、山脉隆升、河流水系形成以及气候驱动的生境破碎化，均可能在幽蝎属的物种分化过程中发挥了关键作用。本研究在时间连续体上揭示出的复杂遗传分化模式，凸显了扩散能力有限的物种可为解析生物多样性热点区域内的小型尺度生物多样性分布格局及其形成的潜在过程提供重要参考。