Opioid, Drug Exposure

This medication concept set includes the following opioids: tilidine, tramadol, buprenorphine, butorphanol, dezocine, codeine, fentanyl, dihydrocodeine, morphine, hydromorphone, Ketobemidone, meperidine, methadone, nalbuphine, opium, oxycodone, papaveretum, pentazocine, pirinitramide, propoxyphene, or tapentadol. The concept set was re-used from prior work in a PKIDS study for work investigating sickle cell disease. The code set is a part of a clinical variable definition for inpatient hospitalization. To be classified with pain hospitalization, a patient needs to have a tleast one occurrence of diagnosis code in the inpatient visit OR two exposures to opioids on separate days. Face validity was checked using manual review on a small subset of patient. 100% specificity and sensitivities were seen.