P3HB binds 4-Hyp-collagen propeptides
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Collagen contains (2S,3S)-3-hydroxyproline (3-Hyp), though much less abundantly than 4-Hyp (Rhodes and Miller 1978). The 3-Hyp content of collagen is much more variable than that of 4-Hyp, varying between collagen types, tissues, developmental stages and pathological states (Kivirikko et al. 1992). It is more prevalent in type IV and V collagens at 10-15 3-Hyp residues (Bentz et al. 1983) than in Type I-III fibrillar collagens which have a single 3-Hyp residue per chain; the alpha-1 chain of type I collagen has 3-Hyp at residue 986 (Fietzek et al. 1972, Marini et al. 2007). 3-Hyp is formed from Pro in the Xaa position of Xaa-Hyp-Gly triplets (Gryder et al. 1975, Kivirikko et al. 1992). It is likely that 4-Hyp is a requirement at the second position of the triplet as 4-Hyp rich substrates are more active than 4-Hyp poor (Adams & Frank 1980). 3-Hyp has a modest effect on triple-helix stability (Jenkins et al. 2003; Mizuno et al. 2008). 3-Hyp may adjust the stability of basement membranes to enable formation of the meshwork structure, or serve as a ligand for other proteins. It is suggested to have a role in the self-assembly of collagen supramolecular structures (Weis et al. 2010). <br>3-Hyp is formed by prolyl 3-hydroxylase (P3H; EC 1.14.11.7), which has 3 isoforms in vertebrates. All contain an ER-retention signal but vary in their tissue expression (Vranka et al. 2009). P3H can hydroxylate prolines that precede 4-Hyp residues (Tryggvason et al. 1976) but not those that precede an unhydroxylated proline (Kivirikko & Myllla 1982, Myllyharju 2005). Like P4H, P3H requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate, iron(II), and ascorbate for activity. P3H1 is homologous to mammalian leprecan or growth suppressor 1 (Gros1), and forms a 3-prolyl hydroxylation complex with cartilage-associated protein (CRTAP) and a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, cyclophilin B (CypB), which is encoded by the PPIB gene (Vranka et al. 2004). Lack of 3-Hyp in Type I and II collagens leads to an osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)-like disease, as demonstrated by CRTAP and PPIB knock-out mice (Morello et al. 2006, Choi et al. 2009) and by mutations in human LEPRE1 (which encodes P3H1), CRTAP, and PPIB (Barnes et al. 2006, Cabral et al. 2007, van Dijk et al. 2009). The P3H1/CRTAP/CypB complex has also been shown to have chaperone activity (Ishikawa et al. 2009). P3H2 hydroxylates peptides derived from Type IV collagen more efficiently than Type I peptides and is localized to tissues that are rich in basement membrane (Tiainen et al. 2008). The effect of prolyl 3-hydroxylation on basement membrane collagens remains unknown.
胶原蛋白含有(2S,3S)-3-羟基脯氨酸(3-羟脯氨酸),尽管其含量远低于4-羟脯氨酸(Rhodes 和 Miller 1978年)。胶原蛋白中3-羟脯氨酸的含量较4-羟脯氨酸更为多变,其在不同类型的胶原蛋白、组织、发育阶段及病理状态下均存在差异(Kivirikko 等人 1992年)。3-羟脯氨酸在IV型和V型胶原蛋白中更为常见,每个链上含有10-15个3-羟脯氨酸残基(Bentz 等人 1983年),而在I型至III型纤维状胶原蛋白中,每个链上仅有一个3-羟脯氨酸残基;I型胶原蛋白的α-1链在残基986处含有3-羟脯氨酸(Fietzek 等人 1972年,Marini 等人 2007年)。3-羟脯氨酸由Xaa-Hyp-Gly三联体中的Xaa位置上的脯氨酸形成(Gryder 等人 1975年,Kivirikko 等人 1992年)。很可能4-羟脯氨酸在三元组中的第二个位置是必需的,因为富含4-羟脯氨酸的底物比贫乏4-羟脯氨酸的底物活性更高(Adams 和 Frank 1980年)。3-羟脯氨酸对三股螺旋结构的稳定性具有适度影响(Jenkins 等人 2003年;Mizuno 等人 2008年)。3-羟脯氨酸可能通过调节基膜稳定性以促进网格状结构的形成,或作为其他蛋白的配体。它可能参与胶原蛋白超分子结构的自组装(Weis 等人 2010年)。3-羟脯氨酸由脯氨酸3-羟基化酶(P3H;EC 1.14.11.7)形成,该酶在脊椎动物中有三种同源异构体。所有同源异构体均含有内质网保留信号,但其组织表达存在差异(Vranka 等人 2009年)。P3H可以羟基化位于4-羟脯氨酸之前的脯氨酸(Tryggvason 等人 1976年),但不能羟基化位于未羟基化脯氨酸之前的脯氨酸(Kivirikko 和 Myllyharju 1982年,Myllyharju 2005年)。与P4H类似,P3H需要分子氧、α-酮戊二酸、铁(II)和抗坏血酸来发挥作用。P3H1与哺乳动物的脂皮质蛋白或生长抑制因子1(Gros1)同源,并与软骨关联蛋白(CRTAP)以及由PPIB基因编码的肽基脯氨酰顺反异构酶,环状磷酸酶B(CypB)形成3-脯氨酸羟基化复合物(Vranka 等人 2004年)。I型和II型胶原蛋白中3-羟脯氨酸的缺乏会导致类似成骨不全症(OI)的疾病,如CRTAP和PPIB敲除小鼠(Morello 等人 2006年,Choi 等人 2009年)以及人类LEPRE1(编码P3H1)、CRTAP和PPIB的突变(Barnes 等人 2006年,Cabral 等人 2007年,van Dijk 等人 2009年)所示。P3H1/CRTAP/CypB复合物也被证明具有伴侣活性(Ishikawa 等人 2009年)。P3H2比P3H1更有效地羟基化来自IV型胶原蛋白的肽,并定位于富含基膜的组织中(Tiainen 等人 2008年)。脯氨酸3-羟基化对基膜胶原蛋白的影响尚不清楚。
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