Open forest successional stages and landscape heterogeneity promote wild bee diversity in temperate forests

Recent studies have emphasized forests as crucial habitat for wild bees. In Europe, most forests are managed following the principles of close‐to‐nature silviculture, which combine timber production and nature conservation. However, open late and early successional stages within these forests are largely missing, which could be important for wild bees. This highlights that close‐to‐nature silviculture alone might not be sufficient to conserve bees within temperate forests. Open structures such as canopy gaps and road verges in forests could improve habitat for bees. To provide management recommendations for wild bee conservation in temperate forests, we analyzed how components of bee beta diversity varied between forest management types and tested how open structures, namely clear‐cuts, canopy gaps, and forest road verges influenced bee abundance, richness, and diversity. In addition, we analyzed the abundance and percent of red‐listed bee species at different scales. Bees were sampled ...近年来的多项研究均指出，森林是野生蜂类的核心栖息生境。在欧洲，绝大多数森林均按照近自然营林（close-to-nature silviculture）的原则开展经营，该模式将木材生产与自然保护有机结合。然而，此类森林中普遍缺失对野生蜂类至关重要的早期与晚期开放演替生境。这一现状凸显出：仅依靠近自然营林模式，恐难以在温带森林中实现野生蜂类的有效保护。森林中的林冠间隙、道路路肩等开放式结构，或可改善野生蜂类的栖息生境条件。为给温带森林的野生蜂类保护制定科学经营建议，本研究分析了野生蜂类β多样性（beta diversity）的组成在不同森林经营类型间的差异，并检验了皆伐迹地、林冠间隙、森林道路路肩等开放式结构对蜂类多度、物种丰富度及多样性的影响。此外，本研究还分析了不同尺度下红色名录收录蜂类的个体数量及其占比情况。本研究通过采样获取野生蜂类样本……