Product yields, carbon and redox balances, growth and energetic parameters, total substrate and pH values determined at the time-point of maximal biomass achieved by S. aureus.

COL-S cultured on glucose and/or lactate. Substrate consumption rate and the specific growth rate are also shown. Values of two or three independent experiments were averaged and errors are reported as ±SD.aCarbon balance is the percentage of carbon in metabolized Glc or Lac that is recovered in the fermentation products (lactate, formate, ethanol and acetate);bRedox balance is the ratio between [lactate]+2×[ethanol] and 2×[Glc] multiplied by 100.cCarbon balance and biomass yield were calculated for time-point of glucose depletion (t7).dData referring solely to lactate consumption; qsmax was estimated from a first-order derivative of a polynomial fit of the observed substrate consumption time series. Dry weight (DW) was used as a measure of cell mass. BDL, below detection limit. NA, not applicable; Glc, glucose; Lct, lactate.