Commercial vaccines used in poultry, cattle, and aquaculture

Currently, maintaining or expanding on these successes poses a significant challenge for the global biopharmaceutical industry. Meeting the high demand for vaccines tailored to the specificities of each pathogen and species requires robust production systems capable of producing in a stable and high yielding manner (9, 10). There are several technological platforms (traditional or modern) available for this purpose, as well as different options for obtaining effective, stable, and safe vaccines (2). Knowing the best option for each species and infectious agent in advance is critical for the industry in this highly diverse and complex environment. It will allow manufacturers to make the best decisions with a minimal risk of failure, quickly enter the market, and optimally take advantage of all available resources. Based on these facts, an investigation was conducted with the aim of comparing global trends in the manufacture and marketing of avian, bovine, and fish vaccines.