RAS:GTP:'activator' RAF homo/heterodimerizes with other RAF monomers
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RAF activation depends on the formation of a side-by-side asymmetric homo- or heterodimer (formed from either 2 RAF monomers or a RAF monomer and KSR1) (Weber et al, 2001; Garnett et al, 2005; Rushworth et al, 2006; Rajakulendran et al, 2009; Hu et al, 2013). Dimerization is mediated by cluster of basic residues in the kinase domain, and mutation of these critical residues abrogates RAF activation (Rajakulendran et al, 2009). Dimerization is required for the 'activator' monomer to induce an allosteric change in the 'receiver' monomer that, in conjunction with activation loop phosphorylation, activates the kinase activity of the receiver (Hu et al, 2013). BRAF, by virtue of its constitutive negative charge in the NtA region, is uniquely able to function as an activator RAF without further modification, while RAF1, ARAF and KSR1 can function as activators only after being phosphorylated in the NtA region downstream of RAF pathway activation (Hu et al, 2013; Leicht et al, 2013; reviewed in Cseh et al, 2014). Homo and heterodimerization of RAF monomers may be promoted by association with MAP3K11, which interacts with BRAF and RAF1 in vitro and in vivo and which is required for RAF activation (Chadee et al, 2004a, Chadee et al, 2004b; Chadee et al, 2006).
RAF 激活依赖于形成平行非对称的同源或异源二聚体(由2个 RAF 单体或一个 RAF 单体与 KSR1 组成)(Weber 等人,2001;Garnett 等人,2005;Rushworth 等人,2006;Rajakulendran 等人,2009;Hu 等人,2013)。二聚化由激酶结构域中的基本残基簇介导,这些关键残基的突变将导致 RAF 激活失效(Rajakulendran 等人,2009)。二聚化对于'激活'单体诱导'接收'单体发生变构变化至关重要,这种变化与激活环磷酸化共同作用,从而激活接收者的激酶活性(Hu 等人,2013)。BRAF 由于其在 NtA 区域的构成负电荷,能够无需进一步修饰即可作为激活剂 RAF 发挥作用,而 RAF1、ARAF 和 KSR1 仅在 RAF 通路激活下游的 NtA 区域发生磷酸化后才能作为激活剂(Hu 等人,2013;Leicht 等人,2013;参见 Cseh 等人,2014 年综述)。RAF 单体的同源和异源二聚化可能通过与其相互作用而在体外和体内促进 MAP3K11 的结合,MAP3K11 与 BRAF 和 RAF1 相互作用,对于 RAF 激活是必需的(Chadee 等人,2004a,Chadee 等人,2004b;Chadee 等人,2006)。




