European Social Survey

The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically driven cross-national survey that has been conducted across Europe since its establishment in 2001. Every two years, interviews are conducted with newly selected, cross-sectional samples. Questions in every round measure attitudes towards climate; crime and justice; democracy and government; immigration; health and wellbeing; institutional and social trust; media and internet use; European, national and ethnic identity; perceived discrimination; political affiliation, interest and participation; religion; social exclusion; and values. Information is also collected for respondents’ ancestry; education; employment; financial circumstances; household composition; and other socio-demographics including sex, age and information about their partners and parents. In each round, two topics are covered in more depth following an open competition. Round 11 (2023/24) included two 'rotating' modules: ‘Gender in contemporary Europe: Rethinking equality and the backlash’ and ‘Social inequalities in health and their determinants’.

欧洲社会调查（简称 ESS）是一项每两年进行一次的多国调查，覆盖了30多个国家。该调查的首轮于2002/2003年进行，第五轮则在2010/2011年展开。问卷分为两大主要部分，每部分包含约120个项目；一个保持相对稳定的'核心模块'，以及每隔一段时间重复进行的两个或更多的'轮换模块'。核心模块旨在监测广泛社会变量中的变化与连续性，包括媒体使用；社会与公共信任；政治兴趣与参与；社会政治倾向；治理与效能；道德观念；政治与社会价值观；社会排斥，以及国家、民族和宗教归属；福祉；健康与安全；人文价值观；人口统计与社会经济状况。