Hyperparasitoid behaviour to injected caterpillars

Results of the no-choice assay to assess the role of Wolbachia in hyperparasitoid host location. Bar plots showing (a) the average time (±SE) until first contact of B. galactopus with the caterpillar host P. brassicae, and (b) total mounting time (±SE) of B. galactopus on the caterpillars within 1 h after first contact was made. Hyperparasitoids were subjected to four treatments, including unparasitised caterpillars (Unparasitised-PBS; n = 39), caterpillars parasitised by C. glomerata (Parasitised-PBS; n = 36), caterpillars injected once with Wolbachia (Wolb-PBS; n = 50), and caterpillars injected twice with Wolbachia (Wolb-Wolb; n = 46). Statistical differences among treatments are indicated with different letters based on Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons including a Hochberg correction. Pie charts show the percentage of responding (black) and non-responding (grey) hyperparasitoids.