Pressure and Force Measurements of the Stationary Models in the Simulated Tornado-like Vortex

The tornado-like loading on the elevated prisms was measured by a six-component (i.e., forces along two orthogonal horizontal axes and a vertical axis and torques about these three axes) ATI-IA force/torque transducer (Gamma series, with a “SI-32-2.5” calibration) that was connected to the aluminum rod supporting the models. When the prisms were on the simulator floor, the loading was measured by pressure taps that were sampled by a Scanivalve ZOC33 pressure scanner.