Biochar Aging Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles: Mechanisms of Physicochemical Changes, Heavy Metal Stabilization, and Phosphorus Dynamics

As global populations grow, the sustainable management of waste biomass has become an urgent environmental imperative. This study elucidates the transformative potential of pyrolysis in converting waste streams into biochar, which is a material with profound implications for soil health and environmental remediation. By investigating freeze-thaw aging effects, the research unveils fundamental mechanisms governing the stability of endogenous heavy metals and phosphorus. Findings reveal that co-pyrolysis significantly enhances biochar resilience, suppressing heavy metal remobilization and conferring superior resistance to freeze-thaw-induced destabilization. These insights inform the strategic optimization of biochar applications for sustainable soil management and resource valorization.