CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND ACUTE PATHOLOGIES IN PEDIATRIC SURGERY: CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ABDOMINAL AND UROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS

Background: Pediatric surgery encompasses a wide array of acute conditions and congenital anomalies that require rapid diagnostic evaluation and precise surgical intervention. Abdominal emergencies and urological complications remain major clinical challenges due to the anatomical and physiological specificities of the developing child. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing sources across major medical databases (PubMed, Scopus) and regional scientific repositories. The analysis included clinical data on intestinal obstructions, rotational anomalies, Hirschsprung’s disease, and urological conditions like urolithiasis and complex urinary tract infections. Results: Early detection utilizing non-invasive modalities, particularly ultrasound, significantly improves the prognosis for congenital and acquired intestinal obstructions. For rotational anomalies, volvulus, and atypical appendicitis, timely surgical exploration mitigates the risk of extensive bowel resection. In pediatric urology, a shift toward minimally invasive strategies – such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for urolithiasis demonstrates superior outcomes. Perioperative assessment of the immune status in chronic conditions like calculous pyelonephritis is essential for optimizing recovery. Conclusion: The integration of advanced imaging, individualized surgical tactics, and comprehensive postoperative management is critical in treating intertwined abdominal and urological pathologies in pediatric patients.