Experimental Data for "Seismic attenuation and modulus dispersion due to partial saturation by CO2 exsolution: Experimental observations and numerical modelling based on X-Ray CT"

Experimental Data from a Berea sandstone sample. Includes X-ray CT scans and mechanical response of sample. Abstract<br> Quantitatively assessing seismic attenuation caused by fluid pressure diffusion (FPD) in partially saturated rocks is challenging because of its sensitivity to how the fluids are distributed in the pore-space. To address this challenge we performed depressurisation experiments to induce the exsolution of carbon dioxide from water in a Berea sandstone sample. In a first set of experiments we used medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) to characterise the fluid distribution in the sample. At an equilibrium pressure of ~1 MPa and applying a fluid pressure decline rate of ~0.6 MPa per minute, we allowed a change in saturation of less than 1 %. The gas was heterogeneously distributed along the length of the sample, with most of the gas exsolving near the sample outlet. In a second set of experiments, at the same pressure and temperature, following a very similar exsolution protocol, we measured the frequency dependent attenuation and modulus dispersion between 0.1 and 1000 Hz using the forced oscillation method. We observed significant attenuation and dispersion in the extensional and bulk deformation modes, however not in the shear mode. Lastly, we use the fluid distribution derived from the medical X-ray CT as an input for numerical simulations of FPD to compute the attenuation and modulus dispersion. The numerical solutions are in close agreement with the attenuation and modulus dispersion measured in the laboratory, from which we conclude that they are caused by FPD at the mesoscopic scale associated with the heterogeneous gas distribution. Our methodology allows for accurately relating attenuation and dispersion to the fluid distribution which can be applied to improving the seismic monitoring of the subsurface.