Mid-Air Gesture Interaction for Mobile Map-Making: Design and Comparative Evaluation with Touchscreen Interaction

Mobile map-making on touchscreens remains constrained by interface occlusion and limited input accuracy. This study designs a Mid-Air Gesture interaction for mobile map-making by combining a viewport-first interface scheme (Viewport-Preserving Peripheral Layout, VPPL) with a constrained elicitation-based gesture-set design method (Restricted Gesture Elicitation Study, RGES). A within-subjects comparative evaluation (n = 15) contrasts Mid-Air Gesture interaction with Touchscreen interaction on two dimensions: usability and utility. Usability is measured with the System Usability Scale (SUS) after a map-making task. Utility is measured via point-placement precision (Euclidean spatial error) and map-view visibility (Map-View Visible Area Ratio and UI Occlusion Area). Results show lower point-placement error for Mid-Air Gesture interaction than Touchscreen interaction (9.33 px vs. 16.14 px) and a higher Map-View Visible Area Ratio (92.2% aggregated), whereas SUS scores are higher for Touchscreen interaction (85.33 vs. 70.83). These findings suggest that Mid-Air Gesture interaction is advantageous when precision and viewport visibility are critical, whereas perceived usability currently favors Touchscreen interaction. Future work will broaden scenarios, improve Mid-Air Gesture usability, and assess efficiency and energy use.