Significant differences between individual CIS groups and controls.

Upward (downward) arrows indicate significantly increased (decreased) CSF metabolite concentrations [mM] for CIS groups. The significance threshold was set to p<0.05. Parametric multiple-comparison tests (Fisher's PLSD) and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests yielded consistent results with respect to between-group significance (see Table 3). The arrow in parentheses indicates a trend close to significance (0.05Figure 1. Abbreviations: lac, lactate; phe, phenylalanine; BHIB, β-hydroxyisobutyrate; gln, glutamine; fru, fructose; ac, acetate; crn, creatinine; β-glc, β-glucose.