Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 1999 - Zambia

Abstract
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The 1999 Zambia MICS had as its primary objectives:
- To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Zambia at the end of the decade;
- To furnish the necessary data for monitoring progress towards the goals established at the 1990 World Summit for Children, which will also form the basis for future action;
- To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Zambia and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.

Geographic coverage
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The 1999 Zambia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was a nationally and provincially representative survey of households, women, and children.

Analysis unit
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Household, Women, Child

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The Zambia MICS was designed to provide estimates of MICS indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for nine provinces. The two-stage stratified probability proportional to size (PPS) cluster sampling method was applied in Zambia's MICS survey. Each province was an independent stratum. Each province is stratified by urban and rural strata. The first stage involved the selection of the primary sampling units (Standard Enumeration Areas, SEA) based on the probability proportional to size method in each district. The second stage was the selection of households within the sample SEAs. Three hundred sixty SEAs were selected from total 13,000 SEAs in Zambia. Twenty five households in urban areas and 20 households in rural areas were selected from each sampled SEA by the systematic sampling method. A total of 8,000 households was drawn. Sample weights are used for reporting national and provincial level results.

The full technical details of the sample design are included in Appendix A of the report.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire for the Zambia MICS was based on the MICS Model Questionnaire with some modifications and additions. The questionnaire was administered in each household. As opposed to the MICS Model Questionnaire, the Zambian MICS used one unified questionnaire the comprised the household, women’s and child questionnaires. Appropriate instructions guided the enumeration process vis-à-vis which section of the questionnaire applied to what category of respondent. In each hous ehold, information was collected on household members including sex, age, literacy, marital status, and orphanhood status. Household level questions also included information on education, household expenditure, household income, labour force, child labour, water and sanitation, and salt iodization modules. The module on child labour was expanded to take into account the needs of the ILO child labour component. The module on education considered all members of the household greater than five years as opposed to the MICS standard of child level questions. In addition to questions at household level, questions were administered in each household for women age 12-49 and children under age five in contrast to the MICS standard of 15-49 years. For children, the questions were administered to the mother or primary caretaker of the child. All modules in the MICS model questionnaire were used for child level questions with the exception of the child mortality module. The optional modules of maternal mortality and child disability were not implemented in the Zambia MICS. Since the Zambian MICS was prepared ahead of the finalization of the MICS model questionnaire, some questions and their responses may not strictly follow the MICS model.

The section of the questionnaire that focused on women aged 15-49 contained the following modules:
Maternal care and tetanus toxoid
Contraceptive use
HIV/AIDS.

The section of the questionnaire for children under age five included modules on:
Birth registration and early learning
Vitamin A
Breastfeeding
Care of Illness
Malaria
Immunization
Anthropometry.

The questionnaire was pre-tested during July 1999. The pre-test was primarily concerned with the flow of questions, translation during interview and the actual wording of the questions. Based on the results of the pretest, modifications were made to the wording and better local language translation formats adopted.

Cleaning operations
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For Eastern, North Western, Luapula and Western provinces, questionnaires were transported to Lusaka for entering the data. In the rest of the provinces, data was entered at provincial level. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed (100 per cent verification). Data entry for the survey was done using a software package called Integrated Microcomputer Process System (IMPS). The cleaning of the data was done using the Statistical Application Software (SAS). The data was then converted from SAS to Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) format. Data entry began in November 1999 and was completed by January 2000.

Response rate
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In Zambia, 8,000 households were selected for the MICS sample. When a household refused to be interviewed or could not be found (non-contact), or dwelling could not be found or could not be interviewed due to some other problem, the household was replaced. The replacement was meant to improve the response rate. However, there were cases when even the replacement household could not be interviewed. In the end, a total of 7,915 households were successfully interviewed (see Table 1 of Appendix D) for a household response rate of 98.9 per cent. The response rate was higher in rural areas (99.1 per cent) than in urban areas (98.8 per cent). In the interviewed households, 10,128 eligible women aged 15-49 were identified. Of these, 9,639 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 95 per cent. In addition, 6,397 children under age five were listed in the household questionnaire. Of these, questionnaires were completed for 6,217 children for a response rate of 97 per cent.

摘要
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1999年赞比亚多指标集群调查（MICS）旨在达到以下主要目标：
- 提供最新信息，以评估赞比亚在世纪末儿童和妇女的状况；
- 提供必要数据，以监测1990年世界儿童峰会设定的目标进展情况，这些数据也将构成未来行动的基础；
- 为提升赞比亚的数据和监测系统贡献力量，并加强此类系统设计、实施和分析的技术专长。
地理覆盖范围
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1999年赞比亚多指标集群调查（MICS）是一项全国性和省级代表性调查，涵盖家庭、妇女和儿童。
分析单元
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家庭、妇女、儿童
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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赞比亚MICS旨在提供全国、城市和农村地区以及九个省份的MICS指标估计值。在赞比亚MICS调查中应用了二阶段分层概率比例大小（PPS）集群抽样方法。每个省份都是一个独立的层。每个省份按城市和农村层进行分层。第一阶段涉及根据每个区的概率比例大小方法选择初级抽样单位（标准人口普查区，SEA）。第二阶段是在样本SEA内选择家庭。从赞比亚总共13,000个SEA中选择了360个SEA。通过系统抽样方法，从每个样本SEA中选择了25个城市家庭和20个农村家庭。总共抽取了8,000个家庭。样本权重用于报告国家和省级水平的结果。报告中包含了样本设计的完整技术细节。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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赞比亚MICS的问卷基于MICS模型问卷，并进行了修改和补充。问卷在每户家庭中进行。与MICS模型问卷不同，赞比亚MICS使用了一个统一的问卷，其中包含了家庭、妇女和儿童问卷。适当的指示指导了人口普查过程，即问卷的哪一部分适用于哪类受访者。在每户家庭中，收集了家庭成员的信息，包括性别、年龄、识字情况、婚姻状况和孤儿状况。家庭层面的问题还包括了有关教育、家庭支出、家庭收入、劳动力、童工、水和卫生以及食盐碘化模块的信息。童工模块得到了扩展，以考虑国际劳工组织（ILO）童工组件的需求。教育模块考虑了家庭中五岁以上的所有成员，而不仅仅是MICS标准中的儿童水平问题。除了家庭层面的问题外，还针对12-49岁的妇女和5岁以下儿童进行了问题调查，而MICS标准是15-49岁。对于儿童，问题由孩子的母亲或主要照顾者回答。除了儿童死亡率模块外，MICS模型问卷中的所有模块都用于儿童水平问题。母体死亡率模块和儿童残疾模块在赞比亚MICS中未实施。由于赞比亚MICS是在MICS模型问卷最终确定之前准备的，因此某些问题和它们的回答可能并不严格遵循MICS模型。
问卷中关注15-49岁妇女的部分包含了以下模块：
- 母体护理和破伤风毒素
- 避孕药使用
- 艾滋病。
5岁以下儿童的问卷部分包括以下模块：
- 出生登记和早期学习
- 维生素A
- 母乳喂养
- 疾病护理
- 疟疾
- 免疫接种
- 人体测量学。
问卷于1999年7月进行预测试。预测试主要关注问题的流程、访谈中的翻译以及问题的实际措辞。根据预测试的结果，对措辞进行了修改，并采用了更好的本地语言翻译格式。
数据清洗操作
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对于东部、西北部、卢阿普拉和西部省份，问卷被运往卢萨卡进行数据录入。在其他省份，数据在省级层面进行录入。为了确保质量控制，所有问卷都进行了双重录入，并进行了内部一致性检查（100%验证）。调查的数据录入使用了名为综合微型计算机处理系统（IMPS）的软件包。数据清洗使用了统计应用软件（SAS）。然后，数据从SAS格式转换为社会科学软件包（SPSS）格式。数据录入始于1999年11月，并于2000年1月完成。
响应率
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在赞比亚，为MICS样本选择了8,000个家庭。当一个家庭拒绝接受访谈或找不到（非接触）、住宅找不到或由于其他问题无法接受访谈时，该家庭将被替换。替换的目的是提高响应率。然而，在有些情况下，即使替换家庭也无法接受访谈。最终，共成功访谈了7,915个家庭（见附录D的表1），家庭响应率为98.9%。农村地区的响应率高于城市地区（99.1%比98.8%）。在受访的家庭中，确定了10,128名15-49岁的合格妇女。其中，9,639人接受了成功访谈，响应率为95%。此外，家庭问卷中列出了6,397名5岁以下的儿童。其中，6,217名儿童完成了问卷，响应率为97%。