Replication Data for: Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing: Assessing the Effect of Gender Norms on the Lethality of Female Suicide Terrorism

Replication files for: Jakana L. Thomas. \"Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing: Assessing the Effect of Gender Norms on the Lethality of Female Suicide Terrorism\" Although a substantial body of research argues that women provide terrorist organizations with important tactical benefits, few studies draw out the implications of this argument or examine whether female recruits affect the outcomes of terrorist operations. Using data on individual suicide attacks from 1985-2015, I show that an attacker's gender influences the lethality of an attack. This effect is conditional upon the gender norms of the state in which the attack occurs, however. The results demonstrate that a female advantage is only more apparent in societies where a woman's role in public life is limited; attacks by female suicide attackers are more deadly in countries where women are largely absent from the workforce, civil society and protest organizations. This article also assesses whether counterterrorists eventually adapt to the use of female suicide terrorists. The results demonstrate that female attack lethality is declining with time, suggesting that security forces eventually adapt to women's participation in terrorism. These findings are consequential because they highlight the effect of persistent gender biases on counterterrorism efforts.本复现文件对应：雅卡纳·L·托马斯（Jakana L. Thomas）所著《披着羊皮的狼：评估性别规范对女性自杀式恐怖主义致死性的影响》。尽管已有大量研究指出女性可为恐怖组织带来重要战术优势，但鲜有研究深挖该论点的深层意涵，亦未考察加入恐怖组织的女性成员是否会对恐怖袭击的结果产生影响。本文基于1985年至2015年的单人自杀式袭击数据集开展分析，结果表明袭击者的性别会对袭击致死性产生影响，但该效应会因袭击发生地的性别规范而异。研究结果显示，女性袭击者的优势仅在女性公共角色受限的社会中更为显著；在女性几乎无法参与劳动力市场、公民社会及抗议组织的国家，女性自杀式袭击者发动的袭击致死性更强。本文同时评估了反恐力量是否最终会适应恐怖组织对女性自杀式袭击者的使用模式，结果表明女性袭击的致死性随时间推移呈下降趋势，这意味着安全部队最终会适应女性参与恐怖主义活动的情况。本研究结论具有重要意义，因其揭示了持续存在的性别偏见对反恐工作的影响。