Data from: Local adaptation, phenotypic differentiation and hybrid fitness in diverged natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata

Selection for local adaptation results in genetic differentiation in ecologically important traits. In a perennial, outcrossing model plant Arabidopsis lyrata, several differentiated phenotypic traits contribute to local adaptation, as demonstrated by fitness advantage of the local population at each site in reciprocal transplant experiments. Here we compared fitness components, hierarchical total fitness and differentiation in putatively ecologically important traits of plants from two diverged parental populations from different continents in the native climate conditions of the populations in Norway and in North Carolina (NC), USA. Survival and number of fruits per inflorescence indicated local advantage at both sites and aster life-history models provided additional evidence for local adaptation also at the level of hierarchical total fitness. Populations were also differentiated in flowering start date and floral display. We also included reciprocal experimental F1 and F2 hybrids to examine the genetic basis of adaptation. Surprisingly, the F2 hybrids showed heterosis at the study site in Norway, likely because of a combination of beneficial dominance effects from different traits. At the NC site, hybrid fitness was mostly intermediate relative to the parental populations. Local cytoplasmic origin was associated with higher fitness, indicating that cytoplasmic genomes also may contribute to the evolution of local adaptation.本地适应的选择作用可导致具有生态重要性的性状产生遗传分化。在多年生异交模式植物 lyrata 拟南芥（Arabidopsis lyrata）中，多项分化的表型性状参与本地适应过程，互惠移植实验已证实，本地种群在各自原生境中具备适合度优势。本研究分别在两个来自不同大陆的亲本种群的原生气候条件下（挪威与美国北卡罗来纳州（NC）），比较了来自这些种群的植株的适合度组分、层级总适合度，以及推定具有生态重要性的性状分化情况。存活率与每花序结实数均表明两个研究位点均存在本地优势，基于星型生命史模型的分析进一步为层级总适合度层面的本地适应提供了补充证据。两个亲本种群在开花始期和花展示性状上同样存在分化。本研究还设置了互交实验性F1及F2杂交子代，以探究适应的遗传基础。令人意外的是，F2杂交子代在挪威研究位点表现出杂种优势，这大概率源于不同性状带来的有益显性效应的叠加。而在北卡罗来纳州位点，杂交子代的适合度大多介于两个亲本种群之间。本地细胞质来源与更高的适合度相关，这表明细胞质基因组同样可能参与本地适应的演化进程。