Environmental emissions of apple fruits exported from Japan to Taiwan

1. Emissions factors of fossil fuels

Table S1 Emission factors of use of fossil fuels
(EAEF160101_Table_S1.csv)

2. Emissions from application of fertilizers and pesticides
2.1. Emissions of nitrous components from application of fertilizer
IDEA ver.2 Database contains “Nitrogen emissions to water” and “N2O emissions to air” related to application of fertilizer (See Table S2). Please note that there is lack of data about NH3 emission to air and phosphorus emission to water from application of fertilizer in the IDEA data base. 

2.2 Emissions from application of pesticides
We calculate the emissions of pesticide and disinfectant as 10 % is emitted to air, 85 % to soil, and 5 % stays on the plant according to Audsley et al. (2003) as applied in, among others, Goossens et al. (2017). The MiLCA software ver2 contain no data related to the emission of herbicide to air. Therefore, in the calculation of the herbicide, 95 % to soil, and 5 % stays on the plant was assumed. 

Table S2 Emissions from application of fertilizers and pesticides (rescaled to the FU of 1 g of fresh apple)
(EAEF160101_Table_S2.csv)
1) IDEA ver.2 Database (Inventory Database for Environmental Analysis), accessed through MiLCA software ver. 2.2 (AIST and SuMPO, Japan).
2) The data utilization rules of the IDEA database prohibit the directly use of the values in any publications.

3. Heavy metal emissions from fertilizer use
The heavy metal emissions to soil and water from fertilizer use were calculated using the formulae listed in the study of Goossens et al. (2017) The input data of heavy metal emissions to soil and groundwater were referred from the previous study (Goossens et al., 2017) considering with the average yield (20.0 t apple / ha) from IDEA ver.2 Database (AIST and SuMPO, Japan). The obtained data are listed in the following Table S3.

Table S3 Heavy metal emissions from fertilizer use
(EAEF160101_Table_S3.csv)

1. 火化石燃料排放系数

表格 S1：化石燃料使用排放系数（EAEF160101_Table_S1.csv）

2. 肥料和农药应用产生的排放
2.1. 肥料应用产生的氧化二氮组分排放
IDEA 版本 2 数据库中包含与肥料应用相关的‘氮排放至水体’和‘N2O 排放至大气’数据（参见表格 S2）。请注意，IDEA 数据库中缺乏关于肥料应用产生的氨排放至大气和磷排放至水体的数据。

2.2. 农药应用产生的排放
根据 Audsley 等人（2003）的研究结果，我们计算农药和消毒剂的排放量为：10%排放至大气，85%排放至土壤，5%滞留在植物上，这一计算方法被应用于 Goossens 等人（2017）的研究中。MiLCA 软件版本 2 中不包含与除草剂排放至大气相关的数据。因此，在除草剂的计算中，假设95%排放至土壤，5%滞留在植物上。

表格 S2：肥料和农药应用产生的排放（按 1 克新鲜苹果的鲜重单位进行缩放）（EAEF160101_Table_S2.csv）

1) IDEA 版本 2 数据库（环境分析库存数据库），通过 MiLCA 软件版本 2.2（日本 AIST 和 SuMPO）访问。
2) IDEA 数据库的数据利用规则禁止在出版物中直接使用其数值。

3. 肥料使用产生的重金属排放
肥料使用产生的重金属排放至土壤和水源的计算，采用了 Goossens 等人（2017）研究中所列公式。重金属排放至土壤和地下水的输入数据参考了先前的研究（Goossens 等人，2017），并考虑了 IDEA 版本 2 数据库（日本 AIST 和 SuMPO）中的平均产量（20.0 吨苹果/公顷）。所得数据列于下述表格 S3 中。

表格 S3：肥料使用产生的重金属排放（EAEF160101_Table_S3.csv）